Menstrual Blood Loss–A Population Study

Hallberg, Leif; Högdahl, Ann‐Marie; Nilsson, Lars‐Erik; Rybo, Göran

doi:10.3109/00016346609158455

Cited by 856 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The median menstrual iron loss in European women is approximately 0.45 mg/day, with 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of 0.85, 1.35, and 1.75 mg/day, respectively [20][21][22]. As suggested by Hallberg and Rossander-Hultén [23], the menstrual iron losses may be even higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The magnitude of the blood and iron losses at menstruation appears to be relatively constant in the individual women but displays considerable interindividual variation [20][21][22][23]. The median menstrual iron loss in European women is approximately 0.45 mg/day, with 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of 0.85, 1.35, and 1.75 mg/day, respectively [20][21][22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive method, and iron supplementation

Milman

Clausen

Byg

1998

Annals of Hematology

125

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of menstruation, method of contraception, and iron supplementation on iron status in young Danish women, and to assess whether iron deficiency could be predicted from the pattern of menstruation. Iron status was examined by measuring serum (S-) ferritin and hemoglobin (Hb) in 268 randomly selected, healthy, menstruating, nonpregnant Danish women aged 18-30 years. Iron deficiency (S-ferritin <16 microg/l) was observed in 9.7%, of the women, iron deficiency anemia (S-ferritin < 13 microg/l and Hb < 121 g/l) in 2.2%. Iron supplementation, predominantly as vitamin-mineral tablets containing 14-20 mg of ferrous iron was used by 35.1%. The median serum ferritin was similar in non-iron users and in iron users, whereas the prevalence of iron deficiency was 12.6% in nonusers vs. 4.3% in users, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia 3.4% in nonusers vs. 0%, in users (p=0.17) In non-iron-supplemented women, S-ferritin levels were inversely correlated with the duration of menstrual bleeding (rs= -0.25, p<0.001) and with the women's assessment of the intensity of menstrual bleeding (r(s)= -0.27, p<0.001), whereas no such correlations were found in iron-supplemented women. The results demonstrate that even moderate daily doses of ferrous iron can influence iron status in women with small iron stores. Women using hormonal contraceptives had menstrual bleeding of significantly shorter duration than those using intrauterine devices (IUD) or other methods. There was a high prevalence of small and absent body iron stores in young women, suggesting that preventive measures should be focused on those women whose menstruation lasts 5 days or longer, who have menstrual bleeding of strong intensity, who use an IUD without gestagen, and who are blood donors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive method, and iron supplementation

Milman

Clausen

Byg

1998

Annals of Hematology

125

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“…It is clinically defined as a blood loss of ≥80 ml per menstrual cycle and it is estimated that approximately 30% of women complain of menorrhagia [1,2,3]. Menorrhagia has a detrimental impact on the quality of life and can adversely affect the physical and mental health of those affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and Usefulness of Intravenous Iron Sucrose in the Management of Preoperative Anemia in Patients with Menorrhagia: A Phase IV, Open-Label, Prospective, Randomized Study

et al. 2009

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Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety and achievement of the target hemoglobin level (Hb ≥10 g/dl) in patients with preoperative anemia due to menorrhagia who received intravenous iron sucrose compared with oral iron protein succinylate for anemia management. Methods: Seventy-six patients with Hb levels <9.0 g/dl who were scheduled to undergo surgical treatment were randomized to receive either intravenous iron sucrose (based on the calculated total iron deficit divided into 2 ampoule infusions intravenously 3 times a week, beginning 3 weeks before surgery) or oral iron (80 mg/day of oral iron protein succinylate daily). Results: The intravenous iron group had higher increases in Hb (3.0 vs. 0.8 g/dl; p < 0.0001) and ferritin levels (170.1 vs. 4.1 μg/l; p < 0.0001) than the oral iron group. Achieving the target Hb was also higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group (76.7 vs. 11.5%; p < 0.0001). There were tolerable adverse events in both groups. Conclusion: Preoperative intravenous iron sucrose administration is more effective than oral iron and is as safe as oral iron therapy in the correction of preoperative anemia due to menorrhagia.

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“…A recent modification of the definition based on patients' complaints has been carried out by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; the modified definition is excessive menstrual blood loss (MBL) interfering with a woman's physical, emotional, social or material quality of life (QOL) [2]. HMB accounts for 12% of all gynecology referrals, and the psychosocial factors possibly have an impact on their seeking health care [1,3]. Regarding the etiology, a new PALM-COEIN (polyp; adenomyosis; leiomyoma; malignancy and hyperplasia; coagulopathy; ovulatory dysfunction; endometrial; iatrogenic; and not yet classified) classification of HMB has recently been developed [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is defined as blood loss of 80 ml or more or a condition when the duration of menses exceeds 7 days [1]. A recent modification of the definition based on patients' complaints has been carried out by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; the modified definition is excessive menstrual blood loss (MBL) interfering with a woman's physical, emotional, social or material quality of life (QOL) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Therapeutic Efficacies of Norethisterone, Tranexamic Acid and Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for the Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Study

Kiseli

Kayıkçıoğlu

Evliyaoğlu

et al. 2016

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Background: Our aim was to compare the therapeutic efficacies of norethisterone acid (NETA), tranexamic acid and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in treating idiopathic heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Methods: Women with heavy uterine bleeding were randomized to receive NETA, tranexamic acid or LNG-IUS for 6 months. The primary outcome was a decrease in menstrual bleeding as assessed by pictorial blood loss assessment charts and hematological parameters analyzed at the 1st, 3rd and 6th months. Health-related quality of life (QOL) variables were also recorded and analyzed. Results: Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in each treatment group, but the results of only 62 were evaluated. NETA, tranexamic acid, and LNG-IUS reduced menstrual blood loss (MBL) by 53.1, 60.8, and 85.8%, respectively, at the 6th month. LNG-IUS was more effective than NETA and tranexamic acid in decreasing MBL. LNG-IUS was also more efficient than tranexamic acid in correcting anemia related to menorrhagia. Satisfaction rates were comparable among the NETA (70%), tranexamic acid (63%) and LNG-IUS (77%) groups. QOL in physical aspects increased significantly in the tranexamic acid and LNG-IUS groups. Conclusion: The positive effect of LNG-IUS on QOL parameters, as well as its high efficacy, makes it a first-line option for HMB.

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Menstrual Blood Loss–A Population Study

Cited by 856 publications

References 19 publications

Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive method, and iron supplementation

Iron status in 268 Danish women aged 18-30 years: influence of menstruation, contraceptive method, and iron supplementation

Safety and Usefulness of Intravenous Iron Sucrose in the Management of Preoperative Anemia in Patients with Menorrhagia: A Phase IV, Open-Label, Prospective, Randomized Study

Comparison of Therapeutic Efficacies of Norethisterone, Tranexamic Acid and Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for the Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Study

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