2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.010
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Meningeal lymphatics, immunity and neuroinflammation

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Cited by 25 publications
(31 citation statements)
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“…In contrast, the meninges surrounding the brain consist of numerous immune cells even under homeostatic conditions, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, DCs, and neutrophils. 30,31 When an ischemic injury occurs, the necrotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as HMGB1 to the extracellular environment and activate microglial cells. 15,32 Subsequently, the activated microglia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice secrete substantial proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species, and inducible NOS to amplify neuroinflammation.…”
Section: Ischemic Strokementioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In contrast, the meninges surrounding the brain consist of numerous immune cells even under homeostatic conditions, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, DCs, and neutrophils. 30,31 When an ischemic injury occurs, the necrotic cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as HMGB1 to the extracellular environment and activate microglial cells. 15,32 Subsequently, the activated microglia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice secrete substantial proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, reactive oxygen species, and inducible NOS to amplify neuroinflammation.…”
Section: Ischemic Strokementioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the protection of the BBB, the brain is described as an “immune‐privileged organ” due to the absence of immune cells, except for microglia under physiologic conditions. In contrast, the meninges surrounding the brain consist of numerous immune cells even under homeostatic conditions, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, DCs, and neutrophils 30,31 . When an ischemic injury occurs, the necrotic cells release damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as HMGB1 to the extracellular environment and activate microglial cells 15,32 .…”
Section: Ischemic Strokementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The meninges are a delicate three-layer structure consisting of the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. In addition to grossly isolating the CNS from the periphery, the meninges are an immunologically active organ that play an important role in CNS immune surveillance by allowing peripheral immune cells to sample brain-derived antigens without directly accessing the parenchyma during homeostatic states (Engelhardt and Ransohoff, 2005;Siffrin et al, 2009;Mundt et al, 2019;Frederick and Louveau, 2020). Macrophages are thought to be the most abundant immune cell in murine meninges during steady-state, but populations of T-cells, B-cells, plasma cells (PCs), dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and γδ T-cells have also been identified (Radjavi et al, 2014;Van Hove et al, 2019;Fitzpatrick et al, 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The glymphatics system is a glial-dependent mechanism that relies on the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) to deliver substances across the brain parenchyma and clear CNS waste into systemic circulation (Louveau et al, 2017;Benveniste et al, 2019). CSF flows into the periarterial space from the subarachnoid space (SAS) where it diffuses into the parenchyma (Frederick and Louveau, 2020). This influx of CSF, drives the interstitial fluid (ISF) into the CSF within the perivenous space where it is cleared into the cervical lymph nodes (Alves de Lima et al, 2020;Frederick and Louveau, 2020;Papadopoulos et al, 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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