The lymphatic drainage system of the CNS plays a role in lymphatic drainage, immunity, and neuroinflammation in stroke

Chen, Jinman; Wang, Linmei; Xu, Hao; Wang, Yongjun; Liang, Qianqian

doi:10.1002/jlb.5mr0321-632r

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(279 reference statements)

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“…The brain glymphatic system has several essential physiological functions such as drainage of ISF from the parenchymal section of the brain to nearby lymph nodes. It is also involved in communication with the immune system, which regulates and monitors brain responses to neuroinflammation [ 29 ]. Moreover, the glymphatic system possesses numerous physiological functions in addition to solute clearance [ 30 ].…”

Section: Brain Glymphatic Drainage Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Therapy and the Glymphatic System: Promising Applications for Augmenting the Brain Lymphatic Drainage System

Salehpour

Khademi

Bragin

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as amyloid-beta. An impaired brain glymphatic system can increase the incidence of neurovascular, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy can serve as a non-invasive neuroprotective strategy for maintaining and optimizing effective brain waste clearance. In this review, we discuss the crucial role of the glymphatic drainage system in removing toxins and waste metabolites from the brain. We review recent animal research on the neurotherapeutic benefits of PBM therapy on glymphatic drainage and clearance. We also highlight cellular mechanisms of PBM on the cerebral glymphatic system. Animal research has shed light on the beneficial effects of PBM on the cerebral drainage system through the clearance of amyloid-beta via meningeal lymphatic vessels. Finally, PBM-mediated increase in the blood–brain barrier permeability with a subsequent rise in Aβ clearance from PBM-induced relaxation of lymphatic vessels via a vasodilation process will be discussed. We conclude that PBM promotion of cranial and extracranial lymphatic system function might be a promising strategy for the treatment of brain diseases associated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow abnormality.

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Section: Brain Glymphatic Drainage Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Therapy and the Glymphatic System: Promising Applications for Augmenting the Brain Lymphatic Drainage System

Salehpour

Khademi

Bragin

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Mechanism-wise, impairment of the perivascular pathway and dislocation of AQP4 in the glymphatic system are involved in the formation of edema after ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage [ 159 ]. Furthermore, increased ICP can also influence edema formation by regulating meningeal lymphatic drainage after ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury [ 159 , 165 , 172 ]. Additional studies on the role of the brain lymphatic drainage system in the clearance of molecular waste, the maintenance of homeostasis, and immune surveillance suggest that the dysfunction of the brain lymphatic drainage system may have the ability to aggravate brain edema by promoting an inflammatory response in the injured brain [ 159 , 165 , 173 ].…”

Section: Factors That May Impact Phementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The brain lymphatic drainage system, including the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, may also provide a channel for fluid influx or efflux into the brain parenchyma after stroke [128,159,160]. The glymphatic system comprises the drainage pathways of perivascular and cerebrospinal fluid, which allow the CSF to flow into the brain parenchyma through penetrating arterial perivascular spaces and are facilitated by AQP4 water channels expressed in astrocyte processes [159,[161][162][163][164][165]. It also has a route that drains interstitial fluid (ISF) from the brain parenchyma to the cervical lymph nodes (CLN) or the venous bed [160,166,167].…”

Section: Brain Lymphatic Drainagementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular, Pathological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Perihematomal Edema in Different Stages of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Jiang

Guo

Zhang

et al. 2022

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke worldwide. Neuronal destruction involved in the brain damage process caused by ICH includes a primary injury formed by the mass effect of the hematoma and a secondary injury induced by the degradation products of a blood clot. Additionally, factors in the coagulation cascade and complement activation process also contribute to secondary brain injury by promoting the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal cell degeneration by enhancing the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, etc. Although treatment options for direct damage are limited, various strategies have been proposed to treat secondary injury post-ICH. Perihematomal edema (PHE) is a potential surrogate marker for secondary injury and may contribute to poor outcomes after ICH. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the underlying pathological mechanism, evolution, and potential therapeutic strategies to treat PHE. Here, we review the pathophysiology and imaging characteristics of PHE at different stages after acute ICH. As illustrated in preclinical and clinical studies, we discussed the merits and limitations of varying PHE quantification protocols, including absolute PHE volume, relative PHE volume, and extension distance calculated with images and other techniques. Importantly, this review summarizes the factors that affect PHE by focusing on traditional variables, the cerebral venous drainage system, and the brain lymphatic drainage system. Finally, to facilitate translational research, we analyze why the relationship between PHE and the functional outcome of ICH is currently controversial. We also emphasize promising therapeutic approaches that modulate multiple targets to alleviate PHE and promote neurologic recovery after acute ICH.

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“…Before discovering the glymphatic system, interstitial fluid transport was previously attributed to diffusion; however, recent animal research indicates the presence of the lymphatic drainage system from the brain parenchyma into cervical lymph nodes ( Casley-Smith et al, 1976 ). The glymphatic system, which is most activated during sleep, is responsible for other physiological functions such as promoting glial signaling, regulating brain response to neuroinflammation, and stimulating the transport of apoprotein E, which plays a role in synaptic plasticity ( Rangroo Thrane et al, 2013 ; Xie et al, 2013 ; Achariyar et al, 2016 ; Chen et al, 2021 ). Impaired glymphatic pathway clearance is diminished in diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, explained by the common feature of accumulation of the protein aggregates in patients ( Rasmussen et al, 2018 ; Zou et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Effects Of Transcranial Near-infrared Light Stimulation On L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial near-infrared light in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Nizamutdinov

Ezeudu

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Light is a natural agent consisting of a range of visible and invisible electromagnetic spectrum travels in waves. Near-infrared (NIR) light refers to wavelengths from 800 to 2,500 nm. It is an invisible spectrum to naked eyes and can penetrate through soft and hard tissues into deep structures of the human body at specific wavelengths. NIR light may carry different energy levels depending on the intensity of emitted light and therapeutic spectrum (wavelength). Stimulation with NIR light can activate intracellular cascades of biochemical reactions with local short- and long-term positive effects. These properties of NIR light are employed in photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, have been linked to treating several brain pathologies, and are attracting more scientific attention in biomedicine. Transcranial brain stimulations with NIR light PBM in recent animal and human studies revealed a positive impact of treatment on the progression and improvement of neurodegenerative processes, management of brain energy metabolism, and regulation of chronic brain inflammation associated with various conditions, including traumatic brain injury. This scientific overview incorporates the most recent cellular and functional findings in PBM with NIR light in treating neurodegenerative diseases, presents the discussion of the proposed mechanisms of action, and describes the benefits of this treatment in neuroprotection, cell preservation/detoxification, anti-inflammatory properties, and regulation of brain energy metabolism. This review will also discuss the novel aspects and pathophysiological role of the glymphatic and brain lymphatics system in treating neurodegenerative diseases with NIR light stimulations. Scientific evidence presented in this overview will support a combined effort in the scientific community to increase attention to the understudied NIR light area of research as a natural agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to promote more research and raise awareness of PBM in the treatment of brain disorders.

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The lymphatic drainage system of the CNS plays a role in lymphatic drainage, immunity, and neuroinflammation in stroke

Cited by 19 publications

References 111 publications

Photobiomodulation Therapy and the Glymphatic System: Promising Applications for Augmenting the Brain Lymphatic Drainage System

Photobiomodulation Therapy and the Glymphatic System: Promising Applications for Augmenting the Brain Lymphatic Drainage System

Molecular, Pathological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Perihematomal Edema in Different Stages of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Transcranial near-infrared light in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

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