“…[25,26,27] and our previous observation of a gluten immune reactivity in MD patients. [17,18] The association between NCGS and MD should be supported by dietary exclusions and challenges: symptoms improve or disappear upon gluten withdrawal, while they recur if gluten is reintroduced in the diet. [28,29,30] However, withdrawal diets and subsequent challenge tests, that are frequently declined by patients, owing to the consistent side effects.…”