Memory Traces: Experimental Separation by Cycloheximide and Electroconvulsive Shock

Andry, Diane K.; Luttges, Marvin W.

doi:10.1126/science.178.4060.518

Cited by 33 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Using cycloheximide to induce amnesia in mice, Squire and Barondes (1972) found that the rate of decay in mice trained on a visual discrimination task varied from 1-3 h to 12-24 h after training with different numbers of trials. In other experiments, cycloheximide-induced impairment of memory was not evident at times up to 6 h, but emerged at 24 h (Quartermain and McEwen 1970) and was not evident either immediately or 30 min after training, but emerged at 6 h (Andry and Luttges 1972). Thus, the rates of decay of memory in the presence of protein synthesis inhibition vary considerably, in these examples from 1 to 24 h. Moreover, using intra-amygdala injections of anisomycin, there is an instance of behaviorally assessed early memory that is evident only at a particular time after training, 4 h, but not at earlier or later times .…”

Section: Memory Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 69%

The many faces of amnesia

Gold

2006

Learn. Mem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Results from studies of retrograde amnesia provide much of the evidence for theories of memory consolidation. Retrograde amnesia gradients are often interpreted as revealing the time needed for the formation of long-term memories. The rapid forgetting observed after many amnestic treatments, including protein synthesis inhibitors, and the parallel decay seen in long-term potentiation experiments are presumed to reveal the duration of short-term memory processing. However, there is clear and consistent evidence that the time courses obtained in these amnesia experiments are highly variable within and across experiments and treatments. The evidence is inconsistent with identification of basic temporal properties of memory consolidation. Alternative views include modulation of memory and emphasize the roles that hormones and neurotransmitters have in regulating memory formation. Of related interest, converging lines of evidence suggest that inhibitors of protein synthesis and of other biochemical processes act on modulators of memory formation rather than on mechanisms of memory formation. Based on these findings, memory consolidation and reconsolidation studies might better be identified as memory modulation and "remodulation" studies. Beyond a missing and perhaps unattainable time constant of memory consolidation, some current views of memory consolidation assume that memories, once formed, are generally unmodifiable. It is this perspective that appears to have led to the recent interest in memory reconsolidation. But the view adopted here is that memories are continually malleable, being updated by new experiences and, at the same time, altering the memories of later experiences. Studies of memory remodulation offer promise of understanding the neurobiological bases by which new memories are altered by prior experiences and by which old memories are altered by new experiences.Many treatments impair memory when administered soon after an experience. The efficacy of these treatments in impairing later memory decreases as the time between training and treatment increases, forming the basis for the idea that memory processes initiated by an experience continue for some time after training until they become consolidated. The past few years have seen a re-emergence of earlier (cf. Sara 2000) interest in the possibility that retrieval of old memories renders them once again susceptible to amnestic treatments, i.e., returning an old memory to a state in which the memory is again sensitive to amnestic treatments, supporting the idea that old memories can be reconsolidated (for reviews, see Nader et al. 2000;Sara 2000;Nader 2003;Dudai 2004;Dudai and Eisenberg 2004;Alberini 2005;Rudy et al. 2006).There are important assumptions embedded in these descriptions of consolidation and reconsolidation. First, one must accept a version of consolidation theory that claims that memories are formed over time until they reach an immutable state. Second, one must accept the interpretation of studies of amnesia as indicating that the tr...

show abstract

Section: Memory Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 69%

The many faces of amnesia

Gold

2006

Learn. Mem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The mechanism by which ECS produces its effect appears to be quite different than that of the antibiotics, since the latter agents do not produce gross behavioral or neurological effects. ECS results in some decrease in protein synthesis (Andry and Luttges, 1972), but not an amount sufficient to explain the block of memory, since moderate degrees of inhibition produced by the antimetabolites do not result in a measurable loss of memory (Agranoff et al, 1965). Although pretrial ECS produces about the same degree of deficit as puromycin, its effect is gone within 2.5-4.0 hr, whereas that of puromycin continues for 24 hr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Anterograde and retrograde effects of electroconvulsive shock and of puromycin on memory formation in the goldfish

et al. 1975

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electroconvulsive shock [ECS] or puromycin administered prior to training did not significantly impair acquisition of shock-avoidance in goldfish. Significant retention deficits are observed on retraining 72 hr later in groups of fish that received ECS 2.5, 1 or 0.5 hr before training as well as in groups that received ECS 0, 4 or 24 hr after training. Puromycin produces significant retention deficits on retraining when given 24, 16, 8, 4 or 0 hr prior to, or 0 or 0.25 hr following training. A temporal course of development of the retention deficit that has been seen with puromycin was not observed with ECS as the deficit was maximal at the earliest trainretrain interval examined. ECS administered before both training and retraining did not relieve the deficit. Since performance was not diminished in fish retrained just after ECS, it appears that this proactive effect of ECS reflects disruption of memory rather than state-dependent learning. Electroconvulsive shock or puromycin administered following training has typically been assumed to induce retrograde amnesia (RA) of training events and is presumed to be due to disruption of memory formation. Considerably less is known about anterograde amnesia (AA), i.e., memory impairment resulting from an amnesic agent delivered prior to training. Kopp, Bohdanecky and Jarvik (1968) demonstrated ECS-induced AA in mice using a one-trial passive avoidance task. A single ECS treatment delivered 1-4 hr prior to training caused retention deficits, but had no effect on memory when delivered 24 hr prior to training. Using mice in a one-trial passive avoidance task, Zerbolio (1969) found no significant retention deficit when ECS was given 60 rain before training but it did affect memory when administered 5 min prior to training.

show abstract

“…Cycloheximide has an amnesic effect. Mice subcutaneously injected with this drug shortly before or immediately after a training trial of a passive avoidance task fail to show the learned response at a later time (Andry & Luttges, 1972;Flood, Bennett, Rosenzweig, & Orme, 1972, 1973Geller, 1971;Geller, Robustelli, Barondes, & Cohen, 1969;Geller, Robustelli, & Jarvik, 1970;Quartermain & McEwen, 1970;Quartermain, McEwen, & Azmitia, 1970Quinton, 1971;Randt, McEwen, & Quartermain, 1971). The amnesic effect has been thought to result from suppression of protein synthesis in the brain at the time of training.…”

Section: Amnesic Effect Of Cycloheximide In the Mousementioning

confidence: 99%

Amnesic effect of cycloheximide in the mouse mediated by adrenocortical hormones.

Nakajima¹

1975

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Memory Traces: Experimental Separation by Cycloheximide and Electroconvulsive Shock

Cited by 33 publications

References 26 publications

The many faces of amnesia

The many faces of amnesia

Anterograde and retrograde effects of electroconvulsive shock and of puromycin on memory formation in the goldfish

Amnesic effect of cycloheximide in the mouse mediated by adrenocortical hormones.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About