Memory Impairment Allied to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and its Deterioration by Phenytoin: A Highlight on Ameliorative Effects of Levetiracetam in Mouse Model

Abstract

Background/Objectives Memory impairment (MI) and epilepsy go hand in hand, mainly in conditions of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This disease comorbidity has been reported to worsen upon treatment. Hence this study aims to evaluate the extent of aggravating effect of phenytoin (PHT) at normal and reduced doses on MI associated with TLE and additionally assesses the protective effect of levetiracetam (LEV) on these adverse effects. Methods Swiss albino mice of either sex (n = 36) were used for this study in which seizures were induced by intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine (300 mg/kg i.p.) followed by evaluation of antiepileptic activity by technique of Racine's scale for convulsive scores. Errors (a factor denoting MI) were assessed using radial arm maze. Finally brain biochemical measures of acetylcholinesterase and glutamate along with cresyl violet staining and estimation of total neuronal number of the hippocampus were performed. Results Exacerbation of MI by PHT was observed, where the extent of MI was found to be lesser in the reduced dose approach (PHTR: 28.50 ± 1.03; p ≤ 0.05). However, this tactic in dose reduction was interfered with the antiepileptic potential of the drug. Attenuation of MI upon combining with LEV, without an interference in the principal treatment, was observed equally in the behavioral and brain aspects of the study (PHTN + LEV: 1.33 ± 0.33 and PHTR + LEV: 1.00 ± 0.17; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions The promising effects of LEV could thus aid in proposing a new management remedy for TLE to minimize the adverse effect associated with it.

Eslicarbazepine and Memory Impairment in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Study on the Attenuating Effect of Nefiracetam

“…The AChE data also supported that the combination of reducing dose of ESL and NEF has synergized the effect to reduce the MI compared to normal dose combination [22].…”

“…Any abnormality in this lobe, especially the TLE, can cause the memory dysfunction [9,21]. Moreover, there are various studies reported the worsening of MI caused by the AED therapy [22,23]. Our study was hypothesized, whether coadministration of nootropic drug, NEF along with the ESL can overcome the MI caused due to AED therapy.…”

“…The lithium-pilocarpine model of TLE resembles the human TLE [22]. In case of animal model, the TLE was evaluated by the Racine scores, lesser the scores better the potency of the drug.…”