“…Almost ideally, deca-dodecasil 3 rhombohedral (DDR) type zeolites that have a pore size of 0.36 × 0.44 nm 2 can differentiate the molecular transport of slightly different sized molecules. − Indeed, the DDR zeolite membrane based separation of CO 2 (kinetic diameter of 0.33 nm) from the slightly larger molecules CH 4 (0.38 nm) and N 2 (0.364 nm) is suitable for biogas upgrading and postcombustion carbon capture, respectively. , In particular, biogas (a clean renewable energy source) upgrading through DDR zeolite membranes is highly desirable for recovering CH 4 (which can be used for fuels and chemicals) and segregating CO 2 (which must be stored or converted). ,, Despite this high potential of DDR zeolites, it is quite challenging to synthesize the corresponding DDR membranes. Some related issues addressed in the literature − are the wide particle size distribution of seed crystals, long synthesis duration, low reproducibility of the synthesis, and susceptibility of the synthesis to the preparation methods. Among them, the synthesis of monodispersed, small DDR seed particles (around 50–300 nm), apparently requiring alternative approaches, , is a prerequisite for reliable membrane manufacturing.…”