Emergent phenomena, including superconductivity and magnetism, found in the two-dimensional electron liquid (2-DEL) at the interface between the insulators lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO 3 ) and strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) distinguish this rich system from conventional 2D electron gases at compound semiconductor interfaces. The origin of this 2-DEL, however, is highly debated, with focus on the role of defects in the SrTiO 3 , while the LaAlO 3 has been assumed perfect. Here we demonstrate, through experiments and firstprinciple calculations, that the cation stoichiometry of the nominal LaAlO 3 layer is key to 2-DEL formation: only Al-rich LaAlO 3 results in a 2-DEL. Although extrinsic defects, including oxygen deficiency, are known to render LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 samples conducting, our results show that in the absence of such extrinsic defects an interface 2-DEL can form. Its origin is consistent with an intrinsic electronic reconstruction occurring to counteract a polarization catastrophe. This work provides insight for identifying other interfaces where emergent behaviours await discovery.
We present the structural and magnetic properties of a new compound family, Mg2RE3Sb3O14 (RE = Gd, Dy, Er), with a hitherto unstudied frustrating lattice, the "tripod kagome" structure. Susceptibility (ac, dc) and specific heat exhibit features that are understood within a simple Luttinger-Tisza type theory. For RE = Gd, we found long ranged order (LRO) at 1.65 K, which is consistent with a 120• structure, demonstrating the importance of diople interactions for this 2D Heisenberg system. For RE = Dy, LRO at 0.37 K is related to the "kagome spin ice (KSI)" physics for a 2D system. This result shows that the tripod kagome structure accelerates the transition to LRO predicted for the related pyrochlore systems. For RE = Er, two transitions, at 80 mK and 2.1 K are observed, suggesting the importance of quantum fluctuations for this putative XY system. Introduction.-The two-dimensional (2D) kagome lattice magnet (KLM) has been a favorite in the theoretical condensed matter community since the experimental work on SCGO [1], due to the strong frustration associated with its network of corner-shared triangles. [15]. From a materials standpoint, however, these two systems are limited by (i) known defect prone structures [14,16], and (ii) the inability to substitute facilely on the magnetic site (e.g with non-Heisenberg spins) to realize states other than the QSL. Clearly then, finding new KLM-containing compounds with spin-type variability is a challenge of the highest order.Intriguingly, a 2D KLM is naturally contained in the frustrated 3D pyrochlore structure. In pyrochlores RE 2 X 2 O 7 (RE = rare earth element, X = transition metal element), both the RE 3+ and X 4+ sublattices form alternating kagome and triangular layers along the [111] axis as a result of corner-shared tetrahedrons ( Fig. 1(a)) [17]. However, the strong inter-layer interaction enforces three-dimensionality. An exception is found in studies of Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 in a [111] magnetic field, which polarizes the triangular layer spins, effectively decoupling the kagome planes, leading to a KSI state [17].Obviously, if one can remove the magnetic moment of the triangular layers in the pyrochlore lattice, a RE-kagome-
We present a systematic study of the structural and magnetic properties of two branches of the rare earth Tripod Kagome Lattice (TKL) family A2RE3Sb3O14 (A = Mg, Zn; RE = Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb; here, we use abbreviation A-RE, as in MgPr for Mg2Pr3Sb3O14), which complements our previously reported work on MgDy, MgGd, and MgEr 15 . The present susceptibility (χ dc , χac) and specific heat measurements reveal various magnetic ground states, including the non-magnetic singlet state for MgPr, ZnPr; long range orderings (LROs) for MgGd, ZnGd, MgNd, ZnNd, and MgYb; a long range magnetic charge ordered state for MgDy, ZnDy, and potentially for MgHo; possible spin glass states for ZnEr, ZnHo; the absence of spin ordering down to 80 mK for MgEr, MgTb, ZnTb, and ZnYb compounds. The ground states observed here bear both similarities as well as striking differences from the states found in the parent pyrochlore systems. In particular, while the TKLs display a greater tendency towards LRO, the lack of LRO in MgHo, MgTb and ZnTb can be viewed from the standpoint of a balance among spin-spin interactions, anisotropies and non-Kramers nature of single ion state. While substituting Zn for Mg changes the chemical pressure, and subtly modifies the interaction energies for compounds with larger RE ions, this substitution introduces structural disorder and modifies the ground states for compounds with smaller RE ions (Ho, Er, Yb).
Elastic neutron scattering, ac susceptibility, and specific heat experiments on the pyrochlores Er2Ge2O7 and Yb2Ge2O7 show that both systems are antiferromagnetically ordered in the Γ5 manifold. The ground state is a ψ3 phase for the Er sample and a ψ2 or ψ3 phase for the Yb sample, which suggests "Order by Disorder"(ObD) physics. Furthermore, we unify the various magnetic ground states of all known R2B2O7 (R = Er, Yb, B = Sn, Ti, Ge) compounds through the enlarged XY type exchange interaction J± under chemical pressure. The mechanism for this evolution is discussed in terms of the phase diagram proposed in the theoretical study [Wong et al., Phys. Rev. B 88, 144402, (2013) The pyrochlores R 2 B 2 O 7 (R: rare earth elements, B: transition metals) have been a hot topic due to their emergent physical properties based on the geometrically frustrated lattice [1,2]. Recent interest in pyrochlores is focused on systems with effective spin-1/2 R 3+ ions [3,4], in which the crystal electric field (CEF) normally introduces a well-isolated Kramers doublet ground state with easy XY planar anisotropy [5,6]. In these XY pyrochlores, the anisotropic nearest neighbor exchange interaction J ex = (J zz , J ± , J z± , J ±± ) between the R 3+ ions, plus the strong quantum spin fluctuations of the effective spin-1/2 moment, stabilize various exotic magnetic ground states [3].Er 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Yb 2 Ti 2 O 7 are two celebrated examples of the effective spin-1/2 XY pyrochlores. For Yb 2 Ti 2 O 7 , the local [111] Ising-like exchange interaction J zz is considerably larger than the XY planar interaction J ± [7]. An unconventional first order transition is observed [8], which has been proposed to be a splayed-ferromagnet (SF) state with Yb 3+ spins pointing along one of the global major axes with a canting angle [9]. Slight disorder between the Yb and Ti sites leads to a possible quantum spin liquid state [10,11]. For Er 2 Ti 2 O 7 , the Er 3+ spins are energetically favored to lie within the local XY plane due to the dominating J ± , in which a continuous U(1) symmetry is preserved in the Hamiltonian that allows the Er 3+ spins to rotate continuously in the XY plane [12][13][14]. Recently, both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the quantum spin fluctuations lift the U(1) degeneracy with a small gap opening in the spin-wave spectrum and select an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering state (ψ 2 ) as the ground state for Er 2 Ti 2 O 7 . This is the so called "order by disorder" (ObD) mechanism [14][15][16][17][18], in which the ground state is selected through entropic effects. Meanwhile, an alternative CEF-induced energetic selection mechanism is proposed that will likewise result in the ψ 2 state with similar value of the gap [19,20]
Pinned and mobile ferroelastic domain walls are detected in response to mechanical stress in a Mn 3+ complex with two-step thermal switching between the spin triplet and spin quintet forms. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy on [Mn III (3,5-diCl-sal 2 (323))]BPh 4 reveal three distinct symmetry-breaking phase transitions in the polar space group series Cc → Pc → P 1 → P 1 (1/2) . The transition mechanisms involve coupling between structural and spin state order parameters, and the three transitions are Landau tricritical, first order, and first order, respectively. The two first-order phase transitions also show changes in magnetic properties and spin state ordering in the Jahn–Teller-active Mn 3+ complex. On the basis of the change in symmetry from that of the parent structure, Cc , the triclinic phases are also ferroelastic, which has been confirmed by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Measurements of magnetoelectric coupling revealed significant changes in electric polarization at both the Pc → P 1 and P 1 → P 1 (1/2) transitions, with opposite signs. All these phases are polar, while P 1 is also chiral. Remanent electric polarization was detected when applying a pulsed magnetic field of 60 T in the P 1→ P 1 (1/2) region of bistability at 90 K. Thus, we showcase here a rare example of multifunctionality in a spin crossover material where the strain and polarization tensors and structural and spin state order parameters are strongly coupled.
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