Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Management and Application in Egypt

Abstract

IntroductionMembrane Technology is a new technique that can be employed for different applications in water treatment (surface water, sewage water, industrial wastewater, seawater, brackish water and reuse). It proved to be a powerful tool to abate the water crisis particularly in the Mediterranean M EMBRANE (MBR) technology has become a key component in water reclamation schemes due to the possibility of providing water of high quality,(e.g. as particlefree permeate from membrane bioreactors, removal of microbiological contaminants). Besides, it is a cost-effective technique to obtain a remediated effluent. In Egypt, we are in stringent need to boost water recycling applications for the target area as well as in other regions of the world. It has been used for various treatment applications for more than 30 years. Membrane costs have declined; successfully; by an order of magnitude over the past two decades. The MBR process was demonstrated to be cost-effective over conventional water reclamation systems for urban irrigation and water reuse.The MBRs are fast developing new concepts for water and wastewater treatment. MBR leads to high hygienic standards of the treated effluent. MBRs are ecologically friendly and economically feasable for applications in remote areas. Over the last two decades, variable types of MBRs were developed including the size of pilolt plants and real wastewater treatment plants. literatures proved that industrial, domestic, and municipal wastewaters were treated efficently by membrane technologies. Furthermore, MBR technology is a very promising water treatment technology and could be used as an efficient tool for wastewater. MBR was employed for the treatment of both, grey-water and black-water. Results exhibited high efficiency of MBR for wastewater treatment. Thus, the high effluent quality opens a variety of different options for safe water reuse in irrigation and / or toilet flushing. There are a number of benefits associated with MBRs compared to conventional wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, excellent effluent quality can be obtained generally suitable for reuse as membranes provide high removals of pathogens including bacteria, protozoa and viruses resulting in excellent physical disinfection. The purpose is unrestricted water reuse for non-potable purposes. Several treatment technologies are available to transfer the manmade polluted water to be safe reuse as an additional amount to our water budget.The objective of the present study is to represent the promising efficiency of MBR as biotechnology for the treatment of water and wastewater as a promising technique. Cleaned water production can be achieved without any hazard pollutants. On the other hand, the treated wastewater can be reused safely for non-potable purposes for irrigation and / or flushing. Several studies in Egypt are also presented here.

Treatment of industrial electroplating wastewater for metals removal via electrocoagulation continous flow reactors

“…Furthermore, the conventional physical processes and chemical coagulation for treatment of the electroplating wastewater proved to be high capital investment as well as high running costs (Rajemahadik et al 2013;Abdel-Shafy & Al-Sulaiman 2014). Several convention processes including neutralization followed by precipitation, or physical treatment including ion-exchange, and membrane technology are also used for wastewater treatment (Malathi et al 2014;Abdel-Shafy & Abdel-Shafy 2017). Other treatment techniques include adsorption, filtration, and chemical coagulation (Abdel-Sahfy et al 1998).…”

Investigation regarding the application of the titanium electrode for the water treatment plant in a steel manufacturing plant

“…Compared with using fresh water, using recycled clean water can produce substantial gains because of the large volumes of water required in cooling towers ( Herro and Port, 1993 ). There are several treatment technologies to reduce scaling in cooling water systems, such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ion exchange, and chemical coagulation methods ( Amjad and Demadis, 2015 ; Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Shafy, 2017 ; Al-Sa’ed et al, 2011 ; Abdel-Shafy, 2015 ).…”

“…However, these technologies, due to the effect of fouling on the membranes used, are not suitable for treating cooling water with high levels of scale-forming ions ( Abdel-Shafy and Abdel-Shafy, 2017 ). Electrochemical methods have been found effective to treat industrial water ( Brillas et al, 2009 ; Nidheesh et al, 2013 ; Nidheesh et al, 2019 ).…”

Treatment of Industrial Electroplating Wastewater by Electrochemical Coagulation Using Carbon and Aluminum Electrodes

“…The treatment of wastewater has become an absolute necessity. Effective and feasible wastewater treatment systems are presented by different investigators including physical, chemical, biological, as well as a combination of these processes [10][11][12][13]. One of the most promising techniques is the electrochemical treatment which is based on reducing the chemical additions and the recovery of metals [14].…”