Membrane Process Design for the Reduction of Wastewater Color of the Mazandaran Pulp-Paper Industry, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study is evaluate the use of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment Mazandaran pulp and paper Industry. The qualification of wastewater is case study and Characteristics of this industry wastewater were determined by different experiments such as: COD, BOD, Color, densitometry, viscometry and TG/DTA analyzer. Also, the color creating agents in the investigated wastewater was characterized. Then In this study, flux, retention, and permeate quality of various Nanofiltration and low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes were investigated at two temperatures and by using a low shear (DSS Labstak M20®) and a high shear (CR250/2) filter. The overall aim was to study the suitability of Nanofiltration in purification of the discharge water from external activated sludge processes in the pulp and paper industry for reuse in the paper manufacturing process and to compare the results to Nanofiltration of paper machine process waters. The discharge waters were nanofiltered at a higher flux than paper machine process waters. The permeate was almost free of color and organic compounds but contained significantly more inorganic compounds than the permeate from the filtration of process waters. To successfully remove monovalent anions and inorganic carbon from the discharge water a low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane such as the TFC ULP membrane is needed. With that membrane the permeate flux is lower than for Nanofiltration membranes but the permeate quality is significantly better when M. Khosravi et al. considering inorganic ions such as sodium, chloride, nitrate and inorganic carbon (bicarbonate). The permeate flux was two times higher in the high shear filter than in the low shear filter but the retentions were significantly lower. The result of this study: decrease pollutants parameter in Tajan Rivers that is effluent because attention to surface water quality has limited in Iran.

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

“…They have been used in some P&P industry applications where the goal is to desalinate the water, in addition to removing other contaminants (Zhang et al 2009;Khosravi et al 2011;Li and Zhang 2011;Sheldon et al 2012;Saif et al 2013; Ordóñez et al 2013). For instance, Khosravi et al (2011) demonstrated the use of an RO system in removing color and oxygen demand from P&P mill effluent. The permeate flux was low, but the resulting water quality was distinctly higher than what was achieved in parallel tests involving nanofiltration.…”

“…Thus, the permeate can be used as intake water for a paper mill, making it possible to run the operation with close to zero liquid effluent (Pizzichini et al 2005;Khosravi et al 2011;Hermosilla et al 2012a;Saif et al 2013). Sierka et al (1997), Zhang et al (2009), andBennani et al (2012) evaluated systems in which nanofiltration was used as a preliminary step before reverse osmosis separation of paper industry wastewater, reporting almost complete removal of solutes.…”

“…Membrane systems have been used by some P&P facilities to meet government regulations regarding effluent discharge. The Irving Pulp and Paper in New Brunswick, which is a 950 t/d facility, has been in operation for 15 years without the need for a biological wastewater treatment system (Hodgson et al 1998) due to membrane usage.Some of the most commonly mentioned types of membrane filtration are indicated in Table 1 Tavares et al 2002;Gönder et al 2011Gönder et al , 2012 Nanofiltration, dialysis 1 to 5 nm Ahn et al 1998;Lastra et al 2004;Kaya et al 2010 Reverse osmosis < 1 nm Sierka et al 1997;Khosravi et al 2011;Ordóñez et al 2011 Starting from the top of Table 1, the coarsest membranes, i.e. microfiltration membranes, appear to have been mainly considered as pre-filtration membranes upstream of membranes having finer pores for wastewater applications (Le-Clech et al 2006).…”

“…For example, Lastra et al (2004) were able to separate metal complexes from pulp mill wastewater by nanofiltration. Other researchers have found nanofiltration to be effective for the removal of color and hard-to-degrade organic compounds in such effluents (Ahn et al 1998; Huukilo et al 2002;Mänttäri and Nyström 2007;Gönder et al 2011;Khosravi et al 2011;Sheldon et al 2012). Laitinen et al (2001) found that the performance of membrane processes could be improved by an optimized program of backflushing.…”

“…High pressures are required to force water molecules through such membranes, often in opposition to what would be expected from salt concentration gradients and the resulting osmotic pressure. They have been used in some P&P industry applications where the goal is to desalinate the water, in addition to removing other contaminants (Zhang et al 2009;Khosravi et al 2011;Li and Zhang 2011;Sheldon et al 2012;Saif et al 2013; Ordóñez et al 2013). For instance, Khosravi et al (2011) demonstrated the use of an RO system in removing color and oxygen demand from P&P mill effluent.…”