Membrane engineering of cell membrane biomimetic nanoparticles for nanoscale therapeutics

Abstract

In recent years, cell membrane camouflaging technology has emerged as an important strategy of nanomedicine, and the modification on the membranes is also a promising approach to enhance the properties of the nanoparticles, such as cancer targeting, immune evasion, and phototherapy sensitivity. Indeed, diversified approaches have been exploited to re‐engineer the membranes of nanoparticles in several studies. In this review, first we discuss direct modification strategy of cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles (CM‐NP) via noncovalent, covalent, and enzyme‐involved methods. Second, we explore how the membranes of CM‐NPs can be re‐engineered at the cellular level using strategies such as genetic engineering and membranes fusion. Due to the innate biological properties and excellent biocompatibility, the functionalized cell membrane‐camouflaged nanoparticles have been widely applied in the fields of drug delivery, imaging, detoxification, detection, and photoactivatable therapy.

Homotypic targeting of immunomodulatory nanoparticles for enhanced peripheral and central immunity

“…Coating with cell membrane can confer NP with homotypic affinity that is mediated by adhesive interactions between specific cell surface proteins, enhancing the binding of camouflaged NP to the same type of cells. 43 , 44 We thus speculated that the coating of macrophage membrane would promote the cellular uptake of CpG NP by Raw264.7 cells. First, we assessed the biocompatibility of CpG NP and CpG NP@M R in Raw264.7 cells.…”

Engineered Cell Membrane-Derived Nanocarriers: The Enhanced Delivery System for Therapeutic Applications

“…Bacterial membranes have also been used for hybrid functionalization, stimulating immune maturation and preventing tumorigenesis ( Chen et al, 2020d ). Except for hybridization among natural membranes, liposomes are also favorable by researchers as the functionalized groups on liposomes could fuse into cell membranes by simple preparation ( Lv et al, 2020 ; Zhang M et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Recently, membrane engineering has been used to directly or indirectly modify natural cell membranes for obtaining multifunctionalized membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles. In brief, the direct modification of cell membranes focuses on the integration of specific ligands onto the cell membrane coating to target specific receptors of the aimed cell by physical or chemical methods ( Zhou et al, 2016 ; Zhang M. et al, 2021 ). Indirect modifications mainly involve manipulating the natural biosynthetic pathways or modifying the genes of cells at the molecular or cellular level to make cell membranes functionalized through metabolic engineering techniques and genetic engineering techniques.…”

“…Physical, chemical and biological engineering approaches can be adopted to obtain multifunction and improve the targeting effect of the cell membrane. For example, lipid insertion is directly applied to modify cell membranes ( Zhang M. et al, 2021 ; Ai et al, 2021 ). Moreover, the cell membrane can be genetically engineered to express specific markers for targeting therapeutics.…”

Advances in Drug Delivery Nanosystems Using Graphene-Based Materials and Carbon Nanotubes

“…Very often, albumin, aptamer A10, hyaluronic acid (HA, Figure 1), folic acid (FA, Figure 1) or biotin ( Figure 1) are used. Total hydrophilicity and "invisibility" against phagocytes are ensured by surface modification using polyethylene glycol (PEG, Figure 1) by so-called PEGylation [12,37,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth.…”