Members of the Family Caliciviridae (Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus) Are the Most Prevalent Cause of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks among Infants in Japan

Nakata, Shuji; Honma, Shinjiro; Numata, K.; Kogawa, Keiko; Ukae, Susumu; Morita, Yasuyuki; Adachi, Noriaki; Chiba, Shunzo

doi:10.1086/315500

Cited by 84 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The predominance of NoVs GII strains detected in the present study is in agreement with previous reports of a higher prevalence of GII strains over GI in outbreaks, as well as studies on sporadic gastroenteritis (3,4,8,9,11,20,23,24,25,26,33,35). The reason for this is unknown, although differences in biological properties, such as virulence, routes of transmission, or stability of the virus in the environment, are possible explanations (4).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in São Paulo State, Brazil

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in São Paulo State, Brazil

et al. 2006

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“…In addition to being the cause of a majority of nonbacterial acute epidemic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in many countries (4,13,17), norovirus infection also may be the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants (27) and norovirus has been classified as a category B pathogen according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases classification of pathogens important for biodefense. Improved, rapid, and broadly reactive diagnostics to detect noroviruses are necessary in order to accurately diagnose and track outbreaks and to increase understanding of virus epidemiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Genogroup I and Genogroup II Broadly Reactive Epitopes on the Norovirus Capsid

Parker

Kitamoto

Tanaka

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Norwalk virus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, is an important cause of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Norwalk and related viruses are classified in a separate genus of Caliciviridae called Norovirus, which is comprised of at least three genogroups based on sequence differences. Many of the currently available immunologic reagents used to study these viruses are type specific, which limits the identification of antigenically distinct viruses in detection assays. Identification of type-specific and cross-reactive epitopes is essential for designing broadly cross-reactive diagnostic assays and dissecting the immune response to calicivirus infection. To address this, we have mapped the epitopes on the norovirus capsid protein for both a genogroup I-cross-reactive monoclonal antibody and a genogroup II-cross-reactive monoclonal antibody by use of norovirus deletion and point mutants. The epitopes for both monoclonal antibodies mapped to the C-terminal P1 subdomain of the capsid protein. Although the genogroup I-cross-reactive monoclonal antibody was previously believed to recognize a linear epitope, our results indicate that a conformational component of the epitope explains the monoclonal antibody's genogroup specificity. Identification of the epitopes for these monoclonal antibodies is of significance, as they are components in a commercially available norovirus-diagnostic enzymelinked immunosorbent assay.Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype member of the genus Norovirus in the virus family Caliciviridae. These viruses are responsible for 98% of all nonbacterial acute epidemic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States, resulting in an estimated 23 million cases per year (4). Although it has been 30 years since NV was first identified, the study of this virus is still hampered by the lack of a cell-culture system or an animal model. However, expression of the 3Ј end of the genome in a baculovirus expression system results in the production of recombinant NV virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically similar to native NV virions (7,15,28). The availability of these rNV VLPs (as well as those of other noroviruses) has also enabled the generation of reagents, monoclonal antibodies in particular, for the study of the serological and antigenic properties of these viruses.The Norwalk virus has icosahedral symmetry and is composed of 180 molecules of a single major capsid protein, VP1, organized into 90 dimers (29). The virus has a surface structure characteristic of animal and human caliciviruses, in which archlike structures protrude from the surfaces surrounding cuplike depressions at the three-and fivefold axes of symmetry.The capsid protein (530 amino acids [aa]) itself folds into two domains. The amino-terminal shell (S) domain is highly conserved among animal caliciviruses (3,6,28). The sequence of the C-terminal protruding (P) domain, which forms protruding arches on the capsid, is more diverse, with the most variation seen in the P2 subdomain at the outer...

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“…1) (1). Sapovirus particles were first detected in human diarrheic stool samples in 1976 in the United Kingdom using electron microscopy (EM) (2), and the virus was soon recognized as a new gastroenteritis pathogen (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). However, the prototype strain of the Sapovirus genus was from another outbreak in Sapporo, Japan, in 1982 (strain Hu/SaV/Sapporo/1982/JPN), because it has been studied extensively for sapovirus virological and genetic characteristics (10,(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Human Sapoviruses

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Sapoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. They belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae . They infect and cause disease in humans of all ages, in both sporadic cases and outbreaks. The clinical symptoms of sapovirus gastroenteritis are indistinguishable from those caused by noroviruses, so laboratory diagnosis is essential to identify the pathogen. Sapoviruses are highly diverse genetically and antigenically. Currently, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays are widely used for sapovirus detection from clinical specimens due to their high sensitivity and broad reactivity as well as the lack of sensitive assays for antigen detection or cell culture systems for the detection of infectious viruses. Sapoviruses were first discovered in 1976 by electron microscopy in diarrheic samples of humans. To date, sapoviruses have also been detected from several animals: pigs, mink, dogs, sea lions, and bats. In this review, we focus on genomic and antigenic features, molecular typing/classification, detection methods, and clinical and epidemiological profiles of human sapoviruses.

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Members of the Family Caliciviridae (Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus) Are the Most Prevalent Cause of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks among Infants in Japan

Cited by 84 publications

References 18 publications

Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in São Paulo State, Brazil

Genetic Diversity of Norovirus among Children with Gastroenteritis in São Paulo State, Brazil

Identification of Genogroup I and Genogroup II Broadly Reactive Epitopes on the Norovirus Capsid

Comprehensive Review of Human Sapoviruses

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