Medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 2): plant based review

Abstract

Previous reviews revealed that many medicinal plants affected central nervous functions and can be utilize for therapeutic purposes as antiepileptic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-Parkinson, antipsychotic, neuroprotective and many other effects. This review will highlight the central nervous effects of medicinal plants as a second part of our previous review.

Nutritional and pharmacological importance of Ficus carica - A review

“…Fruits of the Mission variety contained the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity [70].Six organic acids were identified in the fig leaves including: oxalic, citric, malic, quinic, shikimic, and fumaric acids [69].Ficins, cysteine endoproteolytic proteases were isolated from Ficus carica latex, these included ficins A, B, C, D1, D2 and E [71][72].Many volatile compounds were isolated from Ficus carica fructus included 2,3-butane-diol, tetramethyl-decane, trimethylundecane, octadecane, carvacrol, ß-Caryophyllene, caryophyllene-oxid and apiol [68].The volatile profile of fresh fruits (pulp and peel) and leaves of Portuguese Ficus carica white (Pingo de Mel and Branca Tradicional) and dark (Borrasota Tradicional, Verbera Preta and Preta Tradicional) varieties revealed the presence of fifty-nine compounds including (aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, norisoprenoids). The highest diversity of compounds was found in leaves (40), followed by pulps (30) and peels (27), Pulps and peels were distinguished from leaves by their abundance of monoterpenes and aldehydes. All varieties presented a similar volatile profile, although some differences between white and dark varieties were noticed.…”

Medicinal plants possessed anti-Parkinsonian effects with emphasis on their mechanisms of action

“…Monoamine oxidase B (Selegiline and Safinamide)inhibitors are substances that inactivate the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of dopamine. Inhibitors of cathecol-O-methyl transferase enzymes prevent the processing of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa.Amantadine provides help with most PD motor symptoms and it might be useful in patients who have a prominent tremor or levodopa-induced dyskinesia [2].Many medicinal plants possessed potential antiparkinsonian effects [3][4][5].They act by different mechanisms, such as the inhibition of α-synuclein condensation, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, increase of dopaminergic neurons survival, blockade of the adenosine A2A receptor and regulation of molecular pathways involved in neuronal survival such as MAPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB, thus exerted neuroprotective actions [6][7].In the present review, we highlight the medicinal plants with potential anti-Parkinsonian effects.…”

Medicinal plants possessed beneficial therapeutic effects in Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits

“…Many medicinal plants possessed beneficial therapeutic effect in Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits [4][5][6], by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, NF-κB inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition, anti-amyloidogenic, and anticholinesterase activities [7][8][9][10][11]. In this article, the beneficial effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of memory deficitsand Alzheimer's disease were discussed.…”