Medicinal plants used by the population of Goianápolis, Goiás State, Brazil

Abstract

This work carried out to evaluates the polymorhism in the silkworm of different lineages using the isoenzymes electrophoresis to detect biochemical markers and to investigate the genetics of populations for those lineages. They were used as samples individual extracts of silk glands of second day old larvas of the fifth instar, originating from seven Japanese lineages and eight pure Chinese lineages maintained by the Cocamar-Cooperativa Agroindustrial de Maringá. The isozymes acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) they were submitted to the electrophoresis in starch gels 14%. The esterases (EST) were analyzed in polyacrylamide gels to 10% and stained with α and β-naphtyl acetate. The total of 21 loci was detected, and 04 (19.05%) they are polymorphic, Est-11, Acp, Akp, Ca. The fixation index (F is ) for the analyzed isozymes it was 0.0751, indicating excess of homozygotes. The value of F st (0.6128) it shows that the lineages are well differentiated. The dendrogram obtained with the values of genetic distance didn't separate the Chinese and Japanese lineages analyzed totally. That preliminary evaluation of the lineages of B. mori shows that they present genetic material that it can be used in breeding programs that have the purpose of producing hybrid for silk production.

The Confrontation between Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacological Tests of Medicinal Plants Associated with Mental and Neurological Disorders

“…The plant families analyzed (Lamiaceae and Asteraceae) are in accordance with general ethnobotanical studies [ 4 , 7 , 379 – 382 ] ( Figure 1 ), as well as the most utilized plant parts (leaves) [ 1 , 7 , 379 , 383 , 384 ], and preparation methods (infusion and decoction) [ 7 , 253 , 379 , 383 , 384 ] ( Figure 4 ).…”

“…The most frequent indications of medicinal plant use for neural system disorders in our survey (i.e., calmative, analgesic, headache, and insomnia) are associated with the most common occurrences seen in medical practice [ 7 , 36 , 47 , 55 , 68 , 77 , 104 , 132 , 235 , 258 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”

“…The knowledge of medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes originated from indigenous tribal cultures [ 1 – 4 ] or ancient civilizations such as those once found in Iran, India, or China [ 1 – 3 , 5 – 7 ] and was passed from generation to generation mostly by means of oral tradition. Presently, knowledge is commonly limited to a village and rural areas or by families isolated from urban centers [ 8 ].…”

“…Many ethnopharmacological surveys were performed in countries and regions representing the greatest biodiversity to identify plants used, with the aim of preserving the cultural heritage of the plant therapy [ 1 – 3 , 5 – 7 , 21 , 22 ] and acquiring new active compounds for the pharmaceutical industry [ 8 ]. Brazil presents the largest biodiversity on the planet [ 23 ] and has a large amount of unexplored resources available for ethnopharmacological and herbal studies given that only 16% of Brazil's medicinal plants or just 8% of Brazilian national flora [ 24 ] has been evaluated for therapeutic potential [ 25 ].…”

“…The situation is true for mental and neurological disorders. Patient complaints associated directly or indirectly with neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders, such as headache, insomnia, amnesia, anxiety, or depression, are very common [ 146 , 298 , 377 , 378 ], and the use of medicinal plants for these purposes is very frequent in populated countries such as Brazil, India, and China [ 1 – 3 , 5 – 7 , 22 ] but without support of adequate pharmacological tests.…”