Medicinal plants species used by herbalists in the treatment of snakebite envenomation in Uganda

Abstract

Background: There are high mortality and morbidity rates due to poisonous snakebites globally with sub-Saharan Africa having some of the highest cases. However, traditional medicine practitioners (TMP) have been treating snakebites in Uganda for long despite the fact that few studies have been conducted to document such vital and rich indigenous traditional knowledge before it is lost. This study aimed to document the medicinal plant species used by experienced TMP in treating snakebite envenomation in selected post-conflict parts of Uganda. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in Kitgum, Serere, Kaberamaido and Kaabong districts in Uganda. Twenty-seven TMP with expertise in treating snakebites were purposively identified using the snowball technique and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. Results: Sixty plant species from 28 families were documented with high consensus among the isolated indigenous Ik tribe of Kaabong district. Most of the plant species used were from the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families with eight species each. The genus Echinops was the most well-represented with three species. The most commonly used plant species were of citation were Steganotaenia araliaceae (16), Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.), Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (13), Aframomum mildbraedii Loes. (11), Jasminum schimperi Vatke and Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad) Schinz (10) and Crinum macowanii Baker and Cyphostemma cyphopetalum (Fresen.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B. Drumm (10). S. araliaceae which was mentioned by all the TMP in the Ik community was used for first aid. Most of the plant species were harvested from the wild (68.75%) and were herbs (65.0%) followed by trees (23.3%). The most commonly used plant parts were roots (42.6%) and leaves (25.0%). Thirteen different methods of preparation and administration were used. Most of the medicines were administered orally (61.2%) and topically (37.6%). The commonest methods of oral application were cold water infusions (32.5%) and decoctions (21.7%). Conclusions: TMP widely use several medicinal plant species for treating snakebite envenomation in the selected post-conflict regions of Uganda

Diversity and knowledge of plants used in the treatment of snake bite envenomation in Benin

“…The species listed are mainly herbs and shrubs collected from savannas and fallow lands. On the one hand, many previous studies have mentioned herbs as the most used in the treatment of snakebite envenomation, as they occupy a prominent place in many traditional health care systems (Butt et al 2015, Okot et al 2020. The widespread use of herbs in treatment of ailments by local communities may be linked to the extensive diversity and inexpensive accessibility of herbaceous plants in their environment (Uniyal et al 2006).…”

An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used in the Management of Dermatological Disorders in Buyende and Kayunga Districts, Uganda

“…However, research shows that literacy levels of people determined the mode of treatment [30]; the less educated preferred traditional methods of treatment where as the well educated preferred modern methods of health care. Research over the years has shown low literacy levels among research respondents: [31,32,33,26].…”

“…It is mentioned that the Quran (Holy Moslem scripture), illustrates the importance of plants for medicinal benefits [42]. Therefore, prayer is an essential ingredient in traditional healing practices among many societies [31] in addition to use of herbal remedies.…”

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“…The disparity in plant usage across the countries could be due to the choice of medicinal plants utilized by traditional medicine practitioners is based on complex mechanisms [100]. Plant scent and appearance (such as possession of aerial roots reminiscent of a snake) may influence the choice of a plant used in snakebite therapy [35,101,102]. In addition, the differences in plant usage are more likely due to the climatic and soil variations that is known to account for variations in species distribution and phytochemical composition of the same plant species in different geographical locations [103].…”