Medicinal Plants, Bioactive Compounds, and Dietary Therapies for Treating Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary measures have been found to be effective in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). About 463 million people have diabetes worldwide; estimates project 700 million people by 2045. While T1DM is caused by the loss of beta cells of pancreatic islets that produce insulin, resulting in the deficiency of insulin, T2DM, which constitutes over 90 to 95% of all DM cases, is caused by insulin resistance, and could relatively combine reduction in the secretion of insulin. Aloe vera, Terminalia chebula, Perilla frutescens, Curcuma longa, Zingiber zerumbet, Nigella sativa, Gongronema latifolium, Pachira aquatic, Caesalpinioideae, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia herbaalba, Vachellia nilotica, Abelmoschus moschatus, Cinnamomum verum, Salvia officinalis, Tinospora cordifoli, Pterocarpus, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Coccinia grandis, Caesalpinia bonduc, Gymnema sylvestre, Carthamus tinctorius, Allium sativum, and Trigonella foenum-graecum are among the medicinal plants shown to be effective in controlling and treating T1DM and T2DM. Bioactive compounds such as lycopene, vitamin E, vitamin D, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, hesperidin, naringin, anthocyanin, etc. are useful in treating T1DM and T2DM.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and anethole ameliorate lipid abnormalities, oxidative injury, hypercholesterolemia, heart, and liver conditions

“…The decline in HDL‐C levels, which is linked to its crucial role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, in which excess cell cholesterol is absorbed and processed by HDL particles before being transported to the liver for metabolism, is another risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis (Awuchi, 2021 ; Rehberger‐Likozar & Šebeštjen, 2015 ). Furthermore, reduced lipoprotein lipase activity may be the cause of elevated TG and decreased HDL‐C levels in hypercholesterolemic rats.…”

“…Oxidative stress was exacerbated by hyperlipidemia when low‐density LDL‐C was oxidized. Free radicals have been implicated in the development of several degenerative conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer (Awuchi, 2021 ; Yao et al, 2020 ). According to the current study, hyperlipidemic control rats exhibited much more lipid peroxidation than normal control rats, as evidenced by an increase in MDA levels in blood.…”

Severe Acute Malnutrition: The Potential of Non-Peanut, Non-Milk Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods

“…In the production of RUTF, all ingredients are ground into < 200µm particle size. The carbohydrate and protein components are embedded in a lipid matrix with little or no water [27,28]. With a low water activity product, there is resistance against contamination by bacteria which grants safely stored RUTF at ambient temperatures [27].…”

“…P-RUTF is the most widely used RUTF. It constitutes milk powder, peanut butter, vegetable oil, sugar, vitamin and minerals [17,27,28], and it is like the WHO's F-100 milk nutritionally [29,30]. [31, 32•] reported several countries where RUTF has been successfully used in CMAM to treat children with SAM in poor resource settings.…”

Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Albumin Denaturation Inhibitory Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Acorus calamus

“…Many antioxidant compounds can be found in fruits and vegetables including phenolic, carotenoids, anthocyanins and tocopherols. Approximately 20% of known plants have been in use in pharmaceutical studies, affecting the healthcare system in positive ways such as treating cancer and harmful diseases [11]. Phenolic compounds found in plants have been well known for their ability of scavenging free radicals, which is referred to as antioxidant potential [12].…”