Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and anethole ameliorate lipid abnormalities, oxidative injury, hypercholesterolemia, heart, and liver conditions

Abstract

Fennel seeds and flaxseed have been traditionally used against many medical ailments due to their medicinal characteristics. The aim of the study was to investigate the health properties of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and anethole from flaxseed and fennel seeds in rats fed with high‐fat diet. Histopathological changes in the heart and liver were also examined. Sixty rats were divided into two main groups. Group I (10 rats) was used as a negative control group and fed on the basal diet only. Group II (50 rats) was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet but not given any drugs during the trial for 2 weeks. This group was further divided into five subgroups (10 rats each). One of them was fed on the basal diet and used as a positive control group. However, the other four subgroups were fed on basal diets and anethole (20 mg/kg/day, orally), SDG (20 mg/kg/day, orally), a mixture of anethole + SDG (10 + 10 mg/kg/day, orally), and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 6 weeks. Compared to control, treatment with a combination of anethole + SDG showed a significant (p ≤ .05) improvement in serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (137.88 ± 1.61 mg/dL), total cholesterol‐(TC) (180.12 ± 8.99 mg/dL), LDL‐C (46.40 ± 6.67 mg/dL), VLDL‐C (11.81 ± 1.07 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (75.97 ± 6.92 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (34.83 ± 2.17 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (130.65 ± 1.05 U/L), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (30.12 ± 1.89 mmol/g), and improved activities of catalase (70.99 ± 3.29 U/g) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (35.13 ± 2.53 U/dL) enzymes while SDG and anethole group had relatively less impact. Atorvastatin also improved serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL‐C, and VLDL‐C significantly and rose serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels considerably meanwhile it had a minor but negative impact on AST, ALT, and ALP, and negligible impact on activities of MDA, CAT, and SOD enzymes compared to the positive control group. The study revealed that combining anethole and SDG may improve dyslipidemia, improve lipid profile, decrease risks of chronic heart diseases, increase HDL‐C, and enhance antioxidant enzymes' activities.

Cookies enriched with anethole and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside from flaxseed and fennel seeds improve hypercholesterolemia, lipid profile, and liver functions: A pilot study

“…In this current investigation, consumption of cookies enriched with anethole + SDG restored the lipid profile to normal ranges. Studies have suggested similar effects (Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023;. An earlier which study found that rats on a high-cholesterol diet with flaxseed oil supplementation had their blood lipid profiles improved was used to support this conclusion (Adolphe et al, 2010;Farook et al, 1991).…”

“…The phytoestrogens (flax seed lignans and soy isoflavones) are often found in the human diet. A number of studies employing dietary flaxseeds have been carried out to date, and the results showed that SDG lignan may reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations (Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023; Nwozo et al, 2023; Zhuang et al, 2021). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SDG + anethole‐enriched cookies for hyperlipidemic patients having high range of total cholesterol (>220 mg/dL), total triglyceride (>150 mg/dL), and low‐density lipoprotein (>130 mg/dL).…”

Pharmacological, nutraceutical, and nutritional properties of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): An insight into its functionality and disease mitigation

“…The results revealed that flaxseed supplementation was tolerated well by the patients and led to exceptional and consistent decreased levels of LDL and total cholesterol. However, it had no significant effects on lipoprotein a, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (Kanikowska et al, 2020;Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023; F I G U R E 2 Flaxseeds improve heart health by reducing the progression of atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cholesterol level.…”

“…In the late twentieth century, little was understood about the health‐related advantages of flaxseed and how to ingest flaxseed to get any health benefits. The amount of research on the benefits of eating flaxseed has expanded considerably (Brown et al, 2018 ; Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Awuchi, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023 ; Noreen, Tufail, Tufail, et al, 2023 ). The bioactive found in flaxseed provide these health benefits in many circumstances, and the forms of flaxseed that are necessary to supply these bioactive to the body.…”

“…flaxseed extract and identified excess proteins, water-soluble carbohydrates, and phenolic chemicals, particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), ferulic acid, pinoresinol, lariciresinol, and matairesinol (Waszkowiak & Barthet, 2015;Noreen, Rehman, et al, 2023;Noreen, Tufail, Badar Ul Ain, Ali, et al, 2023;. During the ingestion of flaxseeds, SDG metabolized and converted into two mammalian lignans, Enterodiol (END) and Enterolactone (ENL) with the help of gut microbiota (Taibi et al, 2021).…”