Medical Complaints After a Marathon Run in Cool Weather

Jones, Bruce H.; Rock, Paul; Smith, Lloyd S.; Teves, Marilyn A.; Casey, Joan; Eddings, Karen; Malkin, Leon H.; Matthew, William T.

doi:10.1080/00913847.1985.11708904

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This terminology is still used today,5 6 13 14 often synonymously with EAMC. This is despite the fact that EAMC is known to occur in individuals exercising in moderate to cool temperatures,6 15 and exposure to extreme cold has also been associated with EAMC in swimmers 2. It has also been reported that the development of EAMC is not directly related to an increased core temperature 16.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cause of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) — altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion?

2008

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Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) is one of the most common conditions that require medical attention during or immediately after sports events. Despite the high prevalence of this condition the aetiology of EAMC in athletes is still not well understood. The purpose of this review is to examine current scientific evidence in support of (1) the "electrolyte depletion" and "dehydration" hypotheses and (2) the "altered neuromuscular control" hypothesis in the aetiology of EAMC. In this review, scientific evidence will, as far as possible, be presented using evidence-based medicine criteria. This is particularly relevant in this field, as the quality of experimental methodology varies considerably among studies that are commonly cited in support of hypotheses to explain the aetiology of EAMC. Scientific evidence in support of the "electrolyte depletion" and "dehydration" hypotheses for the aetiology of EAMC comes mainly from anecdotal clinical observations, case series totalling 18 cases, and one small (n = 10) case-control study. Results from four prospective cohort studies do not support these hypotheses. In addition, the "electrolyte depletion" and "dehydration" hypotheses do not offer plausible pathophysiological mechanisms with supporting scientific evidence that could adequately explain the clinical presentation and management of EAMC. Scientific evidence for the "altered neuromuscular control" hypothesis is based on evidence from research studies in human models of muscle cramping, epidemiological studies in cramping athletes, and animal experimental data. Whilst it is clear that further evidence to support the "altered neuromuscular control" hypothesis is also required, research data are accumulating that support this as the principal pathophysiological mechanism for the aetiology of EAMC.

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confidence: 99%

Cause of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) — altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion?

2008

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“…1 Cold injury frequency in military personnel is reported to range from 0.2 to 366 per 1000 exposures. [1][2][3][4][5][6] As the scope of physical activity participation broadens (eg, extreme sports, adventure racing) and environments with the potential for extreme weather conditions become more accessible, a review of cold injury physiology, prevention, recognition, treatment, and management is warranted. Clinicians practicing in settings or geographic regions that predispose individuals to cold injury must be aware of these risks and implement strategies to prevent cold injuries and to minimize them when they occur.…”

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confidence: 99%

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries

Cappaert

Stone²,

Castellani

et al. 2008

Journal of Athletic Training

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Objective: To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.Background: Individuals engaged in sport-related or workrelated physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.Recommendations: These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.

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“…Durante maratonas realizadas em temperaturas frias ou muito frias, os distúrbios mais comuns são hipotermia, exaustão e desidratação. As queixas mais comuns são astenia, calafrios, letargia, fala arrastada, tonteira, diarréia e sede 53,81 . Um corredor se queixar de frio ou calor nem sempre se associa com alterações da temperatura retal 67 .…”

Section: Hipotermiaunclassified

“…Um corredor se queixar de frio ou calor nem sempre se associa com alterações da temperatura retal 67 . A desidratação é comum em clima frio 53,81 . Os corredores devem tentar repor lí-quidos em uma taxa semelhante à das perdas pela urina e suor.…”

Section: Hipotermiaunclassified

Distúrbios causados pelo frio e pelo calor durante corridas de longa distância

1999

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Distúrbios causados pelo frio e pelo calor durante corridas de longa distância RESUMOMuitos corredores amadores e de elite participam todos os anos de corridas de longa distância. Quando estes eventos ocorrem em temperaturas altas ou baixas, aumenta o risco de distúrbios térmicos. Contudo, a hipertermia induzida pelo exercício, a hipotermia, a desidratação e outros problemas relacionados podem ser minimizados através de esclarecimentos e um preparo antes do evento. Este documento fornece recomendações para o diretor médico e outras autoridades da organização das corridas nas seguintes áreas: planejamento, profissionais envolvidos na organização, instalações, suprimentos, equipamento e comunicação; fornecimento de esclarecimentos aos participantes; avaliação do estresse térmico; fornecimento de líquidos; e prevenção de questões legais em potencial. Este posicionamento oficial também descreve as condições predisponentes, as formas de diagnóstico e o tratamento dos quatro distúrbios ambientais mais comuns: exaustão pelo calor, colapso pelo calor, hipotermia e congelamento de extremidades. Os objetivos deste documento são: 1) Educar os organizadores e os participantes de corridas de longa distância a respeito das formas mais comuns de distúrbios tér-micos incluindo as condições predisponentes, sinais de alerta, suscetibilidade e a redução de sua incidência; 2) Alertar os organizadores sobre as suas responsabilidades civis em potencial no que concerne à segurança do evento e à prevenção de lesões; 3) Recomendar que os organizadores consultem arquivos locais de meteorologia e planejem eventos em horas que provavelmente causem menos estresse térmico de modo a minimizar os efeitos deletérios sobre os participantes; 4) Estimular os organizadores a alertar os participantes sobre o estresse térmico no dia da corrida e as suas implicações no que tange aos distúrbios causados pelo frio e pelo calor; 5) Informar os organizadores sobre as ações preventivas que podem reduzir a incidência dos distúrbios ligados ao frio e ao calor; Traduzido, com permissão por escrito, do original: American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand on heat and cold illnesses during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28(12):i-x. 6) Descrever o pessoal, o equipamento e o material necessá-rios para reduzir a incidência e tratar casos de colapso e distúrbios térmicos. INTRODUÇÃO Este documento substitui o posicionamento oficial intitulado Prevenção de distúrbios térmicos durante corridas de longa distância1 , considerando os problemas que podem afetar a grande comunidade de corredores amadores e atletas de elite que participam de corridas de longa distância. Este texto foi ampliado de modo a incluir a exaustão pelo calor, o colapso pelo calor, a hipotermia e o congelamento de extremidadesos distúrbios ambientais mais comuns durante as corridas.Devido ao fato de que as respostas fisiológicas ao exercício em ambientes desfavoráveis podem variar entre os participantes e também de que o estado de saúde dos participantes pode variar de um dia pa...

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Medical Complaints After a Marathon Run in Cool Weather

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Cause of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) — altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion?

Cause of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) — altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion?

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries

Distúrbios causados pelo frio e pelo calor durante corridas de longa distância

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