Mechanistic Paradigms of Natural Plant Metabolites as Remedial Candidates for Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder involving a dysregulated immune response which ultimately leads to multiple organ failure. Several immunological and cellular checkpoints are available as drug targets. However, the available chemosynthetic drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids provide limited therapy with extreme toxicities. Moreover, the disease heterogeneity in SLE is very difficult to manage by a single drug component. Hence, it is imperative to utilize the holistic capabilities of natural plant products as immunomodulators and intracellular signaling regulators, thereby providing an auxiliary option of treatment. Additionally, the herbal drugs also serve as symptomatic relief providers, thereby serving as a prophylactic remedy in case of cerebrovascular, hepatic, nephropathological, hematological, cardiopulmonary, mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE. The present review attempts to showcase the current state of knowledge regarding the utility of plant-derived phyto-metabolites with their probable mechanistic roles in treating SLE, by means of targeting the signaling cascade, proinflammatory cytokine production and B–T cell co-stimulation. It is hoped that further preclinical and clinical studies will be embarked upon in order to understand the underlying therapeutic and mechanistic aspects of these medicinal herbs.

Immunity boosters in COVID-19: Reality or myth?

“…were demonstrated by various investigations in hosts or experimental models of pathologies with state of immunosuppression. [5,[41][42][43][44][45][46] Published evidences support the significant efficacy of the herbal preparations in pathological conditions involving inappropriate (insufficient or hyper-active) immune responses. Although modulations of physiological parameters have been shown after the intake of herbal drugs/preparations in healthy individuals, most of the evidence came from the investigations on pathological conditions.…”

“…[50,51] e effectiveness of herbal compounds or preparations in reinstating immune responsiveness in many pathological conditions is well established. [38,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]55] e beneficial role of herbal preparations in suppressed state of immunity; and the frequent occurrence of low immunity state in current age due to various lifestyle factors exist simultaneously. As per the probability game theory, then it becomes more apparent to have a support of herbal preparation favoring the optimal immune response when needed.…”

Environmental Factors and Protective Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate to Systemic Lupus Eritematosus: A Review Study

“…Therefore, it is very important to use products of herbal medicines as additional treatment to SLE. Herbal medicines also has some functions such as to reduce of the symptoms, prophylactic drugs in cerebrovascular cases, liver, nephropatological, haematological, cardiopulmonary, mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE (36) .…”

“…The main mechanism of natural immunosuppressants action is depends on the antagonistic action of oxidative stressors, and in the end it leads to the formation of free radicals which targeted cytokines and autoantibodies. EGCG can also act as a modulator of cytokine production and B-T cell costimulation, therefore it eliminating the possibility of autoantibody formation and hyperactivation of the immune response in SLE cases (36).…”

The Mango’s Mistletoe Leaves Extract Ameliorates Lupus by Inhibiting the Anti-dsDNA Antibody Production, the Percentages of CD8+CD28− and CD4+CD28− T Cells

“…The increased risk of mortality is due to infection, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease [3]. Genetic factors, epigenetic changes (posttranslation modification of histones and DNA methylation), ultraviolet rays, demethylating drugs (Azacitidine, Decitabine), viral infection, and the higher concentration of hormones such as estrogen and prolactin are the primary etiological factors that cause SLE [5]. SLE is most common in young females of childbearing age (15-45 years), with a female-tomale ratio of 9:1 [6].…”