Mechanistic Insights into the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate: The Role of Amino-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

Abstract

This work reports the characterization and application of two promising nanocatalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). To obtain these composite materials, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 NP s ) were functionalized with two different amine derivative groups, tertiary amine (Fe 3 O 4 NP s -A1) and quaternary amine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry provided mechanistic insights into the thermal decomposition of AP. Furthermore, tertiary and quaternary amine groups play a critical role, where the presence of an extra proton could favor an electron−proton transfer as the ratedetermining step. Moreover, Fe 3 O 4 NP s -A1 causes a diminution of the high-temperature decomposition of AP positively to 335 °C, increasing the energy release by 278 J g −1 and consequently affording the lowest activation energy (102 kJ mol −1 ), indicating a low degree of thermal stability, and accelerating the thermal decomposition of AP.

Graphene oxide based nickel–copper–zinc and copper–zinc cobaltite: catalysts for the thermolysis of ammonium perchlorate and nitrotriazolone

“…The comparative catalytic activity for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and nitrotriazolone (NTO) of various transition metal oxides with the present work was listed in Table 1. Based on studies in recent years, [43][44][45]47 two major mechanisms have been proposed for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. First: electron transfer from perchlorate ion to ammonium ion and proton transfer from ammonium ion to perchlorate ion.…”

“…can produce more reduced species and positive holes on its surface and accelerate the AP and NTO thermal decomposition more than others. [43][44][45]47 As a whole, the catalytic roles that spinel cobaltite nanomaterials with and without GO additive play in the AP and NTO decomposition are still more interesting for researchers. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] To study the catalytic kinetic properties of spinel cobaltite nanomaterials NiCuZnCo2O4, Here Tp is the peak temperature (K), β is the heating rate ( o C/min or K/min), R is the gas constant (kJ/K.mol), Ea is the activation energy, and A is the preexponential factor.…”

Understanding the synergistically enhanced thermocatalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate using cobalt nanoparticle-embedded nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon

“…In general, lower hightemperature decomposition (HTD) temperature and higher heat release of AP can achieve the increase of the combustion rate, high specific impulse, and low-pressure exponent of CSPs 3,4 . In order to enhance the combustion performance of CSPs, the catalytic thermal decomposition of AP was extensively studied via utilizing the catalytic activity of nano metals [5][6][7][8] and nano metal oxides [9][10][11][12][13][14] . In contrast to nano metal oxides, the corresponding nano metals have a better ability to catalyze the thermal decomposition of AP [15][16][17] , mainly because of its special electronic effect of lattice defects 18,19 and oxidation exothermic enhancement effect 16 .…”

Triazine-Augmented Catalytic Activity of Cyclobutadiene Tricarbonyl Fe(0) Complexes for Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

“…13 By varying the amounts of Fe(CO) 5 , Subramanian and Sastri prepared HTPB-Fe(CO) 3 with up to nearly 80% double bonds coordinated with atomic Fe, which showed catalytic activity superior to that of Fe 2 O 3 , attributed to in situ formed superfine iron oxide on AP decomposition. 14 Our group prepared the thermally stable diiron carbonyl complex Cp 2 Fe 2 (CO) 4 , which significantly improved the burning behavior of the HTPB/AP/Al propellant. 15 Recently, Morales-Verdejo reported four heterometallic catalysts of Mn(CO) 3 number of electrons generated in the HTD process of AP decomposition.…”

“…Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most utilized solid oxidant for the combustion of various composite energetic materials in civilian rockets and military ammunition. , The combustion catalysts of iron boost the thermal decomposition of AP with more heat in a shorter period and, consequenty, provide a powerful impetus for composite energetic systems. , The extensive use of the empirical materials of an iron complex and oxides with trial and error developed many Fe combustion catalysts of iron oxides and complexes such as nano-Fe 2 O 3 , catoncene, butacene, and other ferrocene derivatives for industrial application and scientific research . Investigation of the catalytic events in the condensed phase showed the redox interaction of AP with Fe combustion catalysts forms Fe 2 O 3 at 140–200 °C .…”