“…Interestingly, toxicants that exert their disruptive effects at the cell-cell interface, most notably in cell junctions (or cell adhesion sites) in testicular cells, such as Sertoli cells, germ cells, and Leydig cells, which in turn lead to defects in spermatogenesis and male reproductive dysfunction, were not found in the literature until the 1980s and 1990s [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Since then, studies that evaluate toxicant-induced changes in cell-cell interactions in the testis, the epididymis and the prostate, which in turn impede male reproductive function, leading to male infertility, including cadmium, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), phthalates, and others, have grown rapidly, and many of these studies have been summarized in recent reviews [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] (Table 1). Since many of these intercellular junctions utilize actin as attachment sites for the integral membrane proteins and/or adaptors of the adhesion protein complexes, it is not unexpected that cytoskeletons, such as actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, are one of the primary targets of toxicants, as recently reviewed [ 16 , 19 , 20 ].…”