Mechanistic insight into the function of the microbiome in lung diseases

Ubags, Niki; Marsland, Benjamin J.

doi:10.1183/13993003.02467-2016

Cited by 88 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Many studies on the gut have reported changes to the immune phenotype, with deficits of both the innate and adaptive immune components of the intestinal mucosa in GF mice. Several bacterial species have been shown to have different modulatory effects on the host immune system, highlighting the need for specific bacteria within a given developmental window for the normal patterning of host immunity ( Olszak et al, 2012 ; Ubags and Marsland, 2017 ). GF mice have a thinner lamina propria, with fewer resident mature immune cells, and the presence of a complex microbiota triggers the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of immune cells, leading to an increase in microbiota-selected IgA + (immunoglobulin A) plasma cells or T-cell subsets, such as T reg Foxp3, Th1 (T-helper), Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes ( Macpherson and Uhr, 2004 ; Gaboriau-Routhiau et al, 2009 ; Ivanov et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Impact Of the Lung Microbiota On The Adaptive And Innate Immmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma

et al. 2018

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Improvements in our knowledge of the gut microbiota have broadened our vision of the microbes associated with the intestine. These microbes are essential actors and protectors of digestive and extra-digestive health and, by extension, crucial for human physiology. Similar reconsiderations are currently underway concerning the endogenous microbes of the lungs, with a shift in focus away from their involvement in infections toward a role in physiology. The discovery of the lung microbiota was delayed by the long-held view that the lungs of healthy individuals were sterile and by sampling difficulties. The lung microbiota has a low density, and the maintenance of small numbers of bacteria seems to be a critical determinant of good health. This review aims to highlight how knowledge about the lung microbiota can change our conception of lung physiology and respiratory health. We provide support for this point of view with knowledge acquired about the gut microbiota and intestinal physiology. We describe the main characteristics of the lung microbiota and its functional impact on lung physiology, particularly in healthy individuals, after birth, but also in asthma. We describe some of the physiological features of the respiratory tract potentially favoring the installation of a dysbiotic microbiota. The gut microbiota feeds and matures the intestinal epithelium and is involved in immunity, when the principal role of the lung microbiota seems to be the orientation and balance of aspects of immune and epithelial responsiveness. This implies that the local and remote effects of bacterial communities are likely to be determinant in many respiratory diseases caused by viruses, allergens or genetic deficiency. Finally, we discuss the reciprocal connections between the gut and lungs that render these two compartments inseparable.

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Section: Impact Of the Lung Microbiota On The Adaptive And Innate Immmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigms of Lung Microbiota Functions in Health and Disease, Particularly, in Asthma

et al. 2018

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“…Most of the recent advances in microbial ecology have been made possible thanks to the development of next-generation sequencing technologies which allow the analysis of complex microbial populations in different body niches, including the respiratory tract. Multiple studies of the human-associated microbiota have suggested a fundamental role of microbes, and predominantly bacteria, in maintaining health and a role for changes in lung microbiota in contributing to diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis (CF) [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Process Sputum Samples and Extract Bacterial DNA for Microbiota Analysis

Terranova

Oriano

Teri

et al. 2018

IJMS

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Different steps and conditions for DNA extraction for microbiota analysis in sputum have been reported in the literature. We aimed at testing both dithiothreitol (DTT) and enzymatic treatments of sputum samples and identifying the most suitable DNA extraction technique for the microbiota analysis of sputum. Sputum treatments with and without DTT were compared in terms of their median levels and the coefficient of variation between replicates of both DNA extraction yield and real-time PCR for the 16S rRNA gene. Treatments with and without lysozyme and lysostaphin were compared in terms of their median levels of real-time PCR for S. aureus. Two enzyme-based and three beads-based techniques for DNA extraction were compared in terms of their DNA extraction yield, real-time PCR for the 16S rRNA gene and microbiota analysis. DTT treatment decreased the coefficient of variation between replicates of both DNA extraction yield and real-time PCR. Lysostaphin (either 0.18 or 0.36 mg/mL) and lysozyme treatments increased S. aureus detection. One enzyme-based kit offered the highest DNA yield and 16S rRNA gene real-time PCR with no significant differences in terms of alpha-diversity indexes. A condition using both DTT and lysostaphin/lysozyme treatments along with an enzymatic kit seems to be preferred for the microbiota analysis of sputum samples.

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“…Gut dysbiosis can induce colonic inflammation and bacterial translocation, which accelerate the progression of NAFLD . Lung dysbiosis is associated with lung function . Recently, an interchange between gut and lung microbiota has been noted, suggesting that changes in one compartment could affect the microbial composition and function in the other compartment …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%