Mechanisms of X Chromosome Dosage Compensation

Ercan, Sevinç

doi:10.7150/jgen.10404

Cited by 54 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 219 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…Sexual differentiation , including dosage compensation , shows partial conservation of mechanisms across species (Text Box 1), including Drosophila (Text Box 2), C. elegans (Text Box 3) and mammals (Text Box 4) (Figure 1) [3, 4] . In each species, sexual differentiation and dosage compensation result in cell-autonomous chromatin structures and gene expression patterns that require active maintenance in the adult.…”

Section: Sex Is a Critical Factor In Regulation Of Gene Expression Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation

Tower

2017

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

106

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Aging-related diseases show a marked sex bias. For example, women live longer than men yet have more Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis, whereas men have more cancer and Parkinson’s disease. Understanding the role of sex will be important in designing interventions and in understanding basic aging mechanisms. Aging also shows sex differences in model organisms. Dietary restriction (DR), reduced insulin/IGF1-like signaling (IIS) and reduced TOR signaling each increase life span preferentially in females, in both flies and mice. Maternal transmission of mitochondria to offspring may lead to greater control over mitochondrial functions in females, including greater life span and a larger response to diet. Consistent with this idea, males show greater loss of mitochondrial gene expression with age.

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Section: Sex Is a Critical Factor In Regulation Of Gene Expression Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation

Tower

2017

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

106

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“…In this theory, genes involved in regulatory networks, such as transcription factors, are expected to be dosage-sensitive while many dosage-sensitive genes are predicted to be protein-complex genes (Makino and McLysaght 2010). Some researchers suggested that changes in gene dosage during sex-chromosome evolution would have greater consequences for dosagesensitive genes, including genes encoding for subunits of large protein complexes and genes involved in proteinprotein interaction networks (Ercan 2015;Mank 2009;Pessia et al 2012Pessia et al , 2014. Data processing and analysis methods have yet to be standardized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Status of dosage compensation of X chromosome in bovine genome

Seo

Kim

et al. 2016

Genetica

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Dosage compensation system with X chromosome upregulation and inactivation have evolved to overcome the genetic imbalance between sex chromosomes in both male and female of mammals. Although recent development of chromosome-wide technologies has allowed us to test X upregulation, discrete data processing and analysis methods draw disparate conclusions. A series of expression studies revealed status of dosage compensation in some species belonging to monotremes, marsupials, rodents and primates. However, X upregulation in the Artiodactyla order including cattle have not been studied yet. In this study, we surveyed the genome-wide transcriptional upregulation in X chromosome in cattle RNA-seq data using different gene filtration methods. Overall examination of RNA-seq data revealed that X chromosome in the pituitary gland expressed more genes than in other peripheral tissues, which was consistent with the previous results observed in human and mouse. When analyzed with globally expressed genes, a median X:A expression ratio was 0.94. The ratio of 1-to-1 ortholog genes between chicken and mammals, however, showed considerable reduction to 0.68. These results indicate that status of dosage compensation for cattle is not deviated from those found in rodents and primate, and this is consistent with the evolutionary history of cattle.

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“…Hemizygous sex chromosomes occur naturally across a vast array of species and present an acute obstacle for species harboring them. 16 Specifically, these species must establish a mechanism to ensure proper sex chromosometo-autosome expression stoichiometry. The transcriptional dosage compensation required to maintain essential sex chromosome transcription is achieved through a variety of mechanisms, from silencing an entire sex chromosome in the homogametic (XX) sex in Homo sapiens females to upregulating the heterogametic (XY) sex chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress and open questions inDrosophiladosage compensation

Vensko

Stone

2015

Fly

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Sexual dimorphism is observed in many traits across diverse taxa, and often it is quite extreme. Within a species, individuals of opposing sex can appear strikingly different, reflecting differences at the molecular level that may be similarly striking. Among the most extreme cases of such molecular sexual dimorphism is the quantity of sex chromosomes that each sex possesses. Hemizygous sex chromosomes are common to many species, and various mechanisms have evolved to regulate transcriptional activity to ensure appropriate sex chromosome-to-autosome gene expression stoichiometry. Among the most thoroughly investigated of these mechanisms is Drosophila melanogaster's male-specific lethal (MSL) complex-mediated dosage compensation. In Drosophila, the male X chromosome transcription is upregulated approximately two-fold in somatic tissues to counterbalance the effects of sex chromosome hemizygosity on transcript abundance. Despite dramatic advances in our understanding of the Drosophila dosage compensation, many questions remain unanswered, and our understanding of its molecular underpinnings remains incomplete. In this review, we synthesize recent progress in the field as a means to highlight open questions, including how the MSL complex targets the X chromosome, how dosage compensation has shaped evolution of X-linked genes, and the degree to which MSL complex-mediated dosage compensation varies in activity across somatic tissues.

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Mechanisms of X Chromosome Dosage Compensation

Cited by 54 publications

References 219 publications

Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation

Sex-Specific Gene Expression and Life Span Regulation

Status of dosage compensation of X chromosome in bovine genome

Recent progress and open questions inDrosophiladosage compensation

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