Mechanisms of Tolerance to Floral Larceny in Two Wildflower Species

Irwin, Rebecca E.; Galen, Candace; Rabenold, Jessica J.; Kaczorowski, Rainee L.; McCutcheon, Meghan L.

doi:10.1890/08-0081.1

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Increased plant growth and allocation to reproduction, both of which we see evidence for in this experiment, can serve as methods of tolerating herbivory in fertilized plots (e.g., Katjiua and Ward, 2006 ;Suwa and Maherali, 2008 ;Wise and Abrahamson, 2008 ;Kohyani et al, 2009 ;Sun et al, 2010 ). Fertilized plants produced more nectar and more fl owers, which may be a mechanism for tolerating nectar larceny and fl orivory ( Irwin et al, 2008 ;. Future research should address how well theories of resource allocation, resistance, and tolerance relevant to leaf herbivores (such as the optimal defense theory, the plant vigor hypothesis, or the resource availability hypothesis) can be applied to fl oral antagonists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Gorden

Adler

2013

American J of Botany

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• Premise of the study: While the effect of abiotic factors on leaf herbivory is well known, the relative importance of abiotic conditions influencing both mutualists and antagonists is less well understood. Species interactions could enhance or reduce the direct effects of abiotic factors, depending on how mutualists and antagonists respond to abiotic conditions.• Methods: We manipulated soil nutrients and shade in a factorial design and measured soil moisture in the annual Impatiens capensis. We then measured interactions with mutualists (two pollinating species) and antagonists (herbivores, florivores, nectar thieves, and flower bud gallers), as well as plant growth, floral rewards, and plant reproduction.• Key results: Fertilizer increased plant growth, floral attractiveness, mutualist and antagonist interactions, and plant reproduction. Shade had no effects, and soil moisture was negatively associated with plant growth and reproduction. All effects were additive. Mutualist and antagonist floral interactions both increased on fertilized plants, but antagonists increased at a greater rate, leading to a larger ratio of antagonist to mutualist interactions on fertilized plants. Despite having more antagonists, fertilized plants still had significantly higher reproduction, suggesting higher tolerance to antagonists.• Conclusions: Abiotic effects can have consistent effects on antagonists and mutualists, and on both floral and leaf antagonists. However, tolerance to antagonisms increased in favorable conditions. Thus, the direct positive effects of favorable abiotic conditions on plants outweighed negative indirect effects via increased antagonisms, which may lead to selection to grow in high‐nutrient microsites in spite of increased herbivory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Gorden

Adler

2013

American J of Botany

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“…El efecto negativo de los ladrones puede ser tolerable, si por ejemplo, tal como fue propuesto por Irwin et al (2008), las plantas pueden producir sufi ciente néctar para alimentar a los visitantes (polinizadores y ladrones). Éste es el caso de Bouvardia, pues plantas de ambos morfos sometidas a niveles constantes de remoción de néctar tuvieron volúme-nes similares a las plantas sin la simulación de robo.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…En estudios recientes se ha planteado la factibilidad de aplicar el concepto de tolerancia a otras interacciones antagonistas, además de la herbivoría, incluyendo el robo de néctar (Irwin et al, , 2008. El robo de néctar efectuado por numerosos organismos podría estar provocando respuestas de defensa en las plantas afectadas, las cuales disminuirían o compensarían de alguna manera el potencial costo energético que representa la producción de néctar y la subsecuente producción de semillas.…”

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“…La tolerancia sería una posible respuesta para disminuir el daño que reciben muchas especies de plantas en su éxito reproductivo, tal como sucede en las interacciones planta-herbívoro y planta-pató-geno (Irwin y Brody, 2000;Lara y Ornelas, 2002a, 2003. Además, las especies de plantas afectadas por organismos que roban néctar pueden variar en la capacidad de producir néctar y en sus despliegues fl orales, y esta variación sugiere que las plantas podrían modifi car estos caracteres fl orales para mitigar los efectos del robo de néctar (Lara y Ornelas 2001a, b;Maloof y Inouye, 2000;Irwin et al, 2008).…”

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“…Es por eso que en el presente trabajo utilizamos dos rasgos no mutuamente excluyentes, que son el néctar y la producción de fl ores, tal como ha sido propuesto por Irwin et al (2008) en el único trabajo previo al respecto. Estos autores sugieren que ambos rasgos pueden ser aná-logos a mecanismos de tolerancia que las plantas utilizan contra los herbívoros: (1) los altos volúmenes de néctar son análogos al alto crecimiento (o producción) para reemplazar la pérdida de recursos producto del consumo foliar, y (2) la alta producción de fl ores es análoga con la reasignación de recursos vía el despliegue de la reservas acumuladas para reemplazar los daños producidos por el consumo.…”

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Producción de néctar y flores como rasgos compensatorios al robo de néctar en Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae): experimentos de campo

et al. 2013

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Resumen: El néctar de fl ores polinizadas por colibríes es usualmente robado por animales no polinizadores, por ello se esperaría que plantas sometidas al robo de néctar presenten distintas estrategias que permitan mitigar los costos asociados. En este estudio, evaluamos la producción de néctar y fl ores como rasgos para mitigar el robo de néctar en la planta diestílica Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae) en el Parque Nacional la Malinche, Tlaxcala, México. Plantas de ambos morfos fueron sometidas a tres tratamientos: (1) tratamiento de remoción de néctar, (2) tratamiento sin remoción y (3) tratamiento control (plantas sin exclusión ni extracción de néctar). Durante el periodo de fl oración, cuantifi camos semanalmente el volumen de néctar (15 fl ores/planta) y el número de fl ores producidas por planta. Polinizamos manualmente las fl ores focales y los frutos producidos se recolectaron y sus semillas contadas. Las fl ores con y sin remoción de néctar produjeron similar recompensa; contrario a los pequeños volúmenes producidos en fl ores control. Las fl ores del morfo pin mostraron mayores volúmenes y concentraciones de néctar que las thrum. No encontramos efecto de los tratamientos sobre la producción de fl ores en ambos morfos. Las fl ores con y sin remoción de néctar produjeron más semillas que las fl ores control. Nuestros resultados sugieren que Bouvardia puede sobrecompensar el néctar robado, pero no las fl ores; sin afectar el número de semillas producidas. Palabras clave: Bouvardia ternifolia, producción de fl ores y néctar, robo de néctar, Tlaxcala.Abstract:. Nectar of hummingbird-pollinated plants is usually robbed by non-pollinator animals, for that reason it is possible that the robbed plants show different strategies to mitigate the associated costs. In this study, we evaluated the production of nectar and fl owers as traits to mitigate the nectar robbing in the distylous plant Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae) in the National Park La Malinche, Tlaxcala. Plants of both morphs were subject to three different treatments: (1) treatment with nectar removal, (2) treatment without nectar removal, and (3) treatment control. During the fl owering period, we weekly quantifi ed the nectar volume (15 fl owers/plant) and the number of fl owers per plant. We manually pollinated the focal fl owers and the produced fruits were collected and their seeds counted. Similar volumes of nectar were produce in the fl owers with and without nectar removal; in opposition to the small collected volumes in the control fl owers. Long-styled fl owers (pin morph) produced more nectar volume and sugar than short-styled fl owers (thrum morph). There was not effect of treatments on the fl owers production in both morphs. Flowers with and without nectar removal produced more seeds than control fl owers. Our results showed that Bouvardia can over-compensate the nectar robbed, but not fl owers; without affecting the number produced seeds. Keywords: Bouvardia ternifolia, fl ower and nectar production, nectar robbing, Tlaxcala. L os poliniz...

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The effect of allometric partitioning on herbivory tolerance in four species in South China

Fan

Chen

Liao

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Herbivory tolerance can offset the negative effects of herbivory on plants and plays an important role in both immigration and population establishment. Biomass reallocation is an important potential mechanism of herbivory tolerance. To understand how biomass allocation affects plant herbivory tolerance, it is necessary to distinguish the biomass allocations resulting from environmental gradients or plant growth. There is generally a tight balance between the amounts of biomass invested in different organs, which must be analyzed by means of an allometric model. The allometric exponent is not affected by individual growth and can reflect the changes in biomass allocation patterns of different parts. Therefore, the allometric exponent was chosen to study the relationship between biomass allocation pattern and herbivory tolerance. We selected four species (Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Merremia hederacea, and Mikania micrantha), two of which are invasive species and two of which are accompanying native species, and established three herbivory levels (0%, 25% and 50%) to compare differences in allometry. The biomass allocation in stems was negatively correlated with herbivory tolerance, while that in leaves was positively correlated with herbivory tolerance. Furthermore, the stability of the allometric exponent was related to tolerance, indicating that plants with the ability to maintain their biomass allocation patterns are more tolerant than those without this ability, and the tendency to allocate biomass to leaves rather than to stems or roots helps increase this tolerance. The allometric exponent was used to remove the effects of individual development on allocation pattern, allowing the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance to be more accurately explored. This research used an allometric model to fit the nonlinear process of biomass partitioning during the growth and development of plants and provides a new understanding of the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance.

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Mechanisms of Tolerance to Floral Larceny in Two Wildflower Species

Cited by 22 publications

References 82 publications

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Abiotic conditions affect floral antagonists and mutualists of Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae)

Producción de néctar y flores como rasgos compensatorios al robo de néctar en Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae): experimentos de campo

The effect of allometric partitioning on herbivory tolerance in four species in South China

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