Mechanisms of red blood cells agglutination in antibody-treated paper

Abstract

Recent reports on using bio-active paper and bio-active thread to determine human blood type have shown a tremendous potential of using these low-cost materials to build bio-sensors for blood diagnosis. In this work we focus on understanding the mechanisms of red blood cell agglutination in the antibody-loaded paper. We semi-quantitatively evaluate the percentage of antibody molecules that are adsorbed on cellulose fibres and can potentially immobilize red blood cells on the fibre surface, and the percentage of the molecules that can desorb from the cellulose fibre surface into the blood sample and cause haemagglutination reaction in the bulk of a blood sample. Our results show that 34 to 42% of antibody molecules in the papers treated with commercial blood grouping antibodies can desorb from the fibre surface. When specific antibody molecules are released into the blood sample via desorption, haemagglutination reaction occurs in the blood sample. The reaction bridges the red cells in the blood sample bulk to the layer of red cells immobilized on the fibre surface by the adsorbed antibody molecules. The desorbed antibody also causes agglutinated lumps of red blood cells to form. These lumps cannot pass through the pores of the filter paper. The immobilization and filtration of agglutinated red cells give reproducible identification of positive haemagglutination reaction. Results from this study provide information for designing new bio-active paper-based devices for human blood typing with improved sensitivity and specificity.

Qualitative and quantitative detection of T7 bacteriophages using paper based sandwich ELISA

“…The conventional sandwich ELISA technique involves plate preparation using primary antibody. Researchers have demonstrated that antibodies can be physisorbed or ink jet printed on paper, and can be used for further applications [1][2][3]46]. In this study, the paper was used as an alternative surface to perform the sandwich ELISA test to detect viruses.…”

Effect of cationic polyelectrolytes on the performance of paper diagnostics for blood typing

“…A new generation of low cost and easy to use paper diagnostics has recently been developed for blood typing [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The concept relies on specific antibody-antigen interactions to selectively agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) on paper, to separate the agglutinated RBC (positive) from the non-agglutinated RBC (negative), to directly communicate results; the paper test can also be retained as a document.…”

Functionality of Immunoglobulin G and Immunoglobulin M Antibody Physisorbed on Cellulosic Films

“…The primary structure can only be affected by chemical reactions (Kubo, 1995). In blood-grouping paper diagnostics, antibodies are released from the substrate to trigger the agglutination within antigen-positive red blood cells (RBCs) (Jarujamrus et al, 2012). However, the partial release of antibodies was reported after long aging periods, leading to sensor invalidity (Sajid et al, 2015).…”