Qualitative and quantitative detection of T7 bacteriophages using paper based sandwich ELISA

Paper and Fiber-Based Bio-Diagnostic Platforms: Current Challenges and Future Needs

“…Immobilized antibodies in the network of porous cellulose (Whatman CHR # 1 and Ahlstrom A-55) were found to lose their activity with increasing temperature (~40 • C) while the stability of the impregnated product over time was significantly affected with an increase in relative humidity (RH) ( Table 4) [54,55]. Other studies have established that antibodies can remain active for a long period under optimal storage conditions (−20 • C) if impregnated using a dry-reagent technique [67,119].…”

“…Detection via smart devices has rapidly penetrated the worldwide market introducing tremendous opportunities for the on-site processing of data, instead of sample transfer to a centralized clinical facility (Table 2) [2,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]128,139]. With their storage capacity, smart devices serve clinical practice well, enabling information to be collected and stored to a much greater extent than previously possible.…”

“…Wax printing [60][61][62][63][64] Whatmann CHR # 1 Assembly of paper in pre-cut lamination sheets [65] PHB fibers Electrospinning and dip-coating with poly(MMA-co-MAA) [5] PHBV fibers [6] Nylon Dip-coating with poly(MMA-co-MAA) [37] Cellulose Photolithography [66] Filter paper Whatman # 42 Commercialized material with proprietary fabrication method~1 cm diameter circles cut into pendent disk shapes to avoid cross contamination [67] Whatman Fusion 5 TM paper Square shaped layers with surface area of 3 cm 2 [68,69] NC Wax printing µPAD with printed channels that function as timing valves [70] Inkjet printing [71] Whatmann CHR # 1 Flexographic printing Polystyrene printed paper (297 mm × 105 mm) with hydrophobic barriers [22] Polyester-backed paper, Whatmann CHR # 1, NC membrane Computer-controlled knife cutting Star, candelabra, and other structures [23] Aluminum foil-baked Whatmann CHR # 1 CO 2 laser cutting/engraving µPAD design with very small features and narrow barriers [72] Whatman CHR # 1 coated with functional polymers/copolymers Vapor-phase polymer deposition Integration of multiple advanced unit operations onto a single µPAD device [73] Whatman # 4 loaded with PEI microcapsules, BCIN, and NBT Suspension mixing followed by filtration Paper strips [74] Nylon # 6 fibers blended with PSBMA and PAA Electrospinning blended fiber deposition on a glass slip [50] PVDF nano-fiber membrane Western blotting platforms (6 cm × 8 cm) [52] Nylon # 6 fibers with Cu-Au nanoparticles Paper strips [75] PCL fiber membrane Folded and pressed sheet of membrane (25 mm × 40 mm) [51] Nomenclature: PHB = Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate; poly(MMA-co-MAA) = poly methylmetacrylate-co-methacrylic acid PHBV = Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate); NC = nitrocellulose; PEI = poly(ethyleneimine); BCIN = 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid; NTB = nitro blue tetrazolium; PVDF = Polyvinylidene fluoride; Cu-Au: Copper-gold; PCL = Poly(ε-caprolactone). CHR = chromatography.…”

Developing Paper Based Diagnostic Technique to Detect Uric Acid in Urine

“…Paper based diagnostics, often used for health and environmental purposes, can offer an attractive option for detecting biomarkers such as uric acid from biofluids such as urine, serum, etc. (Khan et al, 2009 , 2010c , 2015 , 2016 , 2018a ; Shen et al, 2009 ; Koh et al, 2016 ; Zhang et al, 2017 ).…”

Can Mannose-Binding Lectin Activation Help in Fighting Bacterial Pathogen in Poultry Production Systems?—A Review

“…Poultry production success recently has been categorized based on nutrition, breeding techniques and management practices adopted [1]. The poultry management systems are based on the poultry production size and can be simplified according to free range or backyard [2], improved backyard [3], semi-intensive or smallholder production and intensive systems or commercial production [4][5].…”