Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis to translocate over the oral mucosa and other tissue barriers

Abstract

Introduction The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is not only associated with periodontitis but also with systemic diseases elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms by which P. gingivalis travels from the oral cavity to other organs in the body are largely unknown. This review describes the four putative mechanisms supported by experimental evidence, which enable translocation of P. gingivalis over the oral mucosa, endothelial barriers and subsequent dissemination into the bloodstream. Mechanisms The first mechanism: proteolytic enzymes secreted by P. gingivalis degrade adhesion molecules between tissue cells, and the extracellular matrix. This weakens the structural integrity of the mucosa and allows P . gingivalis to penetrate the tissue. The second is transcytosis: bacteria actively enter tissue cells and transfer to the next layer or the extracellular space. By travelling from cell to cell, P. gingivalis reaches deeper structures. Thirdly, professional phagocytes take up P. gingivalis and travel to the bloodstream where P. gingivalis is released. Lastly, P. gingivalis can adhere to the hyphae forming Candida albicans. These hyphae can penetrate the mucosal tissue, which may allow P. gingivalis to reach deeper structures. Conclusion More research could elucidate targets to inhibit P. gingivalis dissemination and prevent the onset of various systemic diseases.

Current and Potential Applications of Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives in Oral Health Care

“…Microbial dysbiosis has been involved in a broad range of oral diseases including caries, periodontal disease, and halitosis but also conditions such as odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, dentoalveolar abscesses, periradicular pathosis, jaw osteonecrosis, and jaw osteomyelitis [23]. Even systemic diseases, such as Alzheimer's, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, have been linked to oral microbial dysbiosis [99,100].…”

Hispidulin Inhibits the Vascular Inflammation Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide

“…P. gingivalis and its LPS can cause periodontitis and directly lead to systemic inflammation by invading the bloodstream, which may trigger or exacerbate vascular inflammatory processes, especially atherosclerosis [ 4 ]. Following an infection with P. gingivalis, leukocytes attach to and penetrate the endothelial layer within inflamed periodontal tissue during the vascular inflammatory process [ 5 ]. This process is dependent on the presence of specific cell adhesion molecules on the surface of the vascular endothelium, namely VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 [ 6 ].…”