Mechanisms of hyoid bone fracture after modelling: Evaluation of anthropological criteria defining two relevant models

Manual strangulation: Experimental approach to the genesis of hyoid bone fractures

“…Our study confirmed the findings of Pollard et al [4] carried out in another sample of equivalent size. Sexual dimorphism is shown in the maximum anteroposterior length of the bone, which is greater in men (length > 37.8 mm) than in women, and conversely by a more open angle of the greater horns in women (a shorter bone with width > 43.7 mm and an angle > 31801).…”

“…We followed the protocol used by Pollard et al and established by Leksan et al to measure the hyoid bones [4,6]. Each dissected bone underwent CT scan with 1 mm sections.…”

“…The angle formed between the greater horns of the hyoid bone was calculated according to the mathematical formula used by Pollard et al and Leksan et al [4,6]:…”

“…While the expert must take these declarations into account in his investigations, he cannot ignore the anatomic characteristics of the victim. Studies carried out in our department have shown that the hyoid bone is a bone whose shape and measurements are dependent on the individual's gender and build [4]. However, no published work has examined the force necessary to cause fracture, in order to answer indirectly the question of whether the constriction was intentional.…”

Unusual variation of the hyoid bone: bilateral absence of lesser cornua and abnormal bone attachment to the corpus

“…On the contrary, Pollard et al [9] stated that age did not appear to be signiWcantly correlated with the anthropometric measurements of the hyoid bone. Beside these, there are signiWcant sex diVerences in hyoid bone's shape and it is well known that the distal ends of the greater cornua of women are signiWcantly longer than those of men.…”