Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis

Nivolumab‐induced severe acute kidney injury with a long latent phase in a patient with non‐small‐cell lung cancer: A case report

“…Drug hypersensitivity reactions which occur as adverse events are immediate, mediated by immunoglobulin‐E (type I reaction) or delayed, mediated by T cells (type IV reaction) 3. T‐cell‐mediated reaction has a major role in drug‐induced AINs.…”

“…By definition, drug hypersensitivity reaction occurs 48‐72 hours after exposure to the causative medication 3. However, kidney injury is not often detected until an increase in serum creatinine is manifested, which might take 7‐10 days after exposure 3.…”

“…However, kidney injury is not often detected until an increase in serum creatinine is manifested, which might take 7‐10 days after exposure 3. The time from initiation of ICI to AKI was much longer than that of other medications; Cortazar FB et al reported that the median time was 91 (range, 21‐245) days 2.…”

Co-occurrence of bilateral nodular anterior scleritis and large-vessel arteritis in a patient with TINU syndrome

“…The cause of TINU syndrome is not known. Possible etiologies of interstitial nephritis include drugs, infections, and auto-immune diseases [6], [7]. However, in 10% of all patients, interstitial nephritis is caused by TINU syndrome.…”

The relationship between proton pump inhibitors and renal disease

“…There is no evident relationship between dosage, latency, time to recovery, age or sex, indicating that this is a condition of immune origin. 26 Hypersensitivity reaction is apparently a common effect of PPIs, since there are reports of AIN associated with all medications in this drug class. 22 …”