Mechanisms of Action of Microbicides

Lambert, Peter A.

doi:10.1002/9781118425831.ch5

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…The cellular membranes of most bacteria are negatively charged and have proven to be the target site of cationic biocides [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. The antibacterial mechanism of biocidal QAS/QPS, a class of membrane-active cationic biocides, has been proposed to be penetration into the cell wall and destructive interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane, followed by the leakage of intracellular components and consequent cell death [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Polymeric Biocides With Pendant Quaternary Ammonium/phospmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts

Xue

Xiao

Zhang

2015

IJMS

476

320

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Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With various architectures, polymeric quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts were prepared using different approaches, exhibiting different antimicrobial activities and potential applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers with quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts. In particular, it discusses the structure and synthesis method, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and the comparison of antimicrobial performance between these two kinds of polymers.

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Section: Polymeric Biocides With Pendant Quaternary Ammonium/phospmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts

Xue

Xiao

Zhang

2015

IJMS

476

320

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“…The most important group of microbiocides is quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) because of their wide spectrum of biocidal activity, the safety of applications and low costs. Quaternary ammonium salts belong to lytic membrane-active microbiocides [133][134][135]. Mechanism of their biocidal activity begins with adsorption of quaternary ammonium cation on negatively charged cell surface.…”

Section: Biological Activity 61 Antimicrobial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Brycki¹,

Kowalczyk²,

Szulc³

et al. 2017

Application and Characterization of Surfactants

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Gemini cationic surfactants are compounds which are composed of two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic tails linked by a spacer at the head groups or closed to them. The spacer can be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. It can be rigid or flexible. The neutral charge of the molecule is retained by the presence of organic or inorganic counterions. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), surface tension (γ) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) are dozen times lower than corresponding parameters of monomeric surfactants. The unique properties of gemini surfactants with a wide range of hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) make them a very useful, innovative material in detergents, cosmetics, personal care products, additives for paints and coatings, biocides, material science, organic synthesis, pharmacy, textiles, enhanced oil recovery, nanotechnology, petroleum and many other branches of life. A large number of papers concerning gemini surfactants have been published so far. This review presents a synthetic look at current work devoted to structure, synthesis and applications of gemini surfactants.

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“…Most QACs, including CTAB and its close analogues, are reported to inhibit Firmicutes spore outgrowth but not to have a sporicidal effect (Chiori et al . ; Lambert ). Outgrowth follows the germination of dormant spores, and requires synthesis of both RNA and protein (Setlow et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), is used as a bactericidal agent, due to its disruption of cell membranes (Lambert 2013). Most QACs, including CTAB and its close analogues, are reported to inhibit Firmicutes spore outgrowth but not to have a sporicidal effect (Chiori et al 1965;Lambert 2013). Outgrowth follows the germination of dormant spores, and requires synthesis of both RNA and protein .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, CTAB has been reported to at least facilitate spore IM damage and perhaps even severely damage this membrane (Rode and Foster 1960;Russell 1990;Banerjee et al 2006;Paul et al 2007). There are, however, complications in assessing the sporicidal activity of a molecule such as CTAB, most notably that in order to assess its viability the spore must first germinate, and germinated spores have lost most of their resistance properties and are readily killed by QACs (Lambert 2013;Setlow 2013Setlow , 2018. Thus, if dormant spores incubated with CTAB are not washed to remove this agent prior to plating on nutrient medium, CTAB carried over, perhaps even adsorbed to spores, can kill spores when they germinate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

et al. 2019

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Aims To investigate effects of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a disinfectant, on spores of Bacillus species. Methods and Results The ability of CTAB to trigger release of Bacillus spores’ large depot of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in a 1 : 1 chelate with Ca2+ (CaDPA), and to kill spores was investigated. CTAB‐triggered CaDPA release from spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, but was not followed by completion of germination. CaDPA release triggered by CTAB increased at higher temperatures, and was optimal for B. subtilis spores at pH 9·4 and 30 μg ml−1 CTAB. CTAB also killed Bacillus spores as shown by plate counts and vital staining of treated dormant spores, and after their germination. However, B. cereus and B. megaterium spores were more CTAB‐sensitive than were B. subtilis spores. CaDPA release from and killing of CTAB‐treated spores of isogenic B. subtilis mutants lacking germination proteins was also examined, and compared with effects of the well‐known germinant dodecylamine on spores, to determine how CTAB exerts its effects on spores. Conclusions The results of this investigation showed that CTAB kills spores of three Bacillus species, perhaps by damaging the spore inner membrane, although it is also possible that some killing by this agent follows its triggering of spore germination. Significance and Impact of the Study The results of this work indicate that CTAB is also a disinfectant, but also a sporicide, and may be a useful adjunct in spore decontamination, especially at higher temperatures.

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Mechanisms of Action of Microbicides

Cited by 11 publications

References 173 publications

Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts

Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts

Multifunctional Gemini Surfactants: Structure, Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

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