Mechanism of bromine evolution at a graphite electrode

Janssen, Ljj Jos; Hoogland, J.G.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(70)80088-3

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This fits nicely with both the increase in capacitance shown in Fig. 8 and the potential-time curves reported in the literature (25). Between 10 and 35h, one sees slight fluctuations in both the electrode resistance and the polarization impedance which are out of phase with those seen in the capacitance, suggesting that these are due to fluctuations in the current density as the electrochemically active surface area changes.…”

Section: J Flsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Potential-time curves for graphite anodes evolving chlorine have also been reported in the literature (25). A moderate increase in anodic potential, about 300 mV, during the early stages of electrolysis is seen and has been attributed to the slow oxidation of graphite to CO and COs, thereby causing changes in the fundamental properties of the electrode surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

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Graphite Fiber‐Polymer Matrix Composites as Electrolysis Electrodes

Stafford

Cahen

Stoner

1991

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The effect of electrolysis on graphite fiber-polymer matrix composites used as electrodes in a simulated seawater electrolyte was studied with interest in the impact of several composite construction variables. It was found that the electrochemical behavior is a function of the matrix polymer as well as the fiber orientation. Cathodic performance was found to be stable, while anodic performance was not. Anodic behavior was not singularly dominated by oxidation of the graphite but was affected by geometric considerations caused by the differing orientations of the fibers as well as the result of the fibers being incorporated into a polymer matrix.The ac electrochemical disinfection of ion-conducting liquids is an electrolysis process which generates a species lethal to micro-organisms (1, 2). Since this technology utilizes a modified alternating current and voltage, a limitation is placed on the type of material which can be employed as an electrode. On initial analysis, graphite appears to be an ideal material for this process; it possesses good electrical conductivity; demonstrates good chemical resistance, has low chlorine and oxygen overpotentials, and produces a volatile oxidation product which consumes no electrical energy upon repolarization. Efforts to improve the electrochemical performance and structural stability of bulk graphite electrodes has led to the investigation of graphite fiber-polymer matrix composites as possible electrode materials (3, 4). A preliminary screening of various polymer composite systems indicated that certain materials were superior to bulk graphite in this application while others failed miserably. A thorough understanding of composite performance under anodic, cathodic and, eventually, ac conditions is therefore required to properly characterize these materials. This paper is concerned with the electrochemical stability of five composite systems during dc electrolysis.Carbon has three allotropic forms: carbon, graphite, and diamond. Both carbon and graphite are used extensively in commercial electrochemical applications, including battery electrodes, fuel cells (hydrogen anodes and air cathodes) (5-8), industrial electrolytic processes (9) and in counterelectrodes for corrosion control of various structures. Carbon has also gained popularity as indicator electrodes in cyclic voltammetry (10-12). In spite of the importance of carbon in these various applications, its electrochemical properties until recently have received little attention and are not particularly well understood.The microstructures of carbon materials vary widely. There are several hundred grades of commercial carbons and graphites available and though each is composed almost exclusively of carbon atoms, each possesses quite distinctive properties. In many cases, these properties are determined by the microstructure which in turn is determined by the precursor and processing conditions.The structural basis of nearly all carbonaceous materials is the layer plane of carbon atoms which forms the hexagonal...

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Section: J Flsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Graphite Fiber‐Polymer Matrix Composites as Electrolysis Electrodes

Stafford

Cahen

Stoner

1991

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The reduction potential of acetoin reported by Shikata and Tachi (13) is used to determine E ~ The exchange current densities for the acetoin/2-butanone couple and the BrO3-/Br couple were calculated from both the experimental data of this study given in Table III and the experimental data reported previously (3). The exchange current density and the transfer coefficient for the BrJBr-couple on graphite were reported by Janssen and Hoogland (19). The exchange current density and the transfer coefficient for the BrJBr-couple on graphite were reported by Janssen and Hoogland (19).…”

Section: A Comparison Of Calculated and Experimental Concentrations mentioning

confidence: 92%

Mathematical Modeling of the Paired Electro‐organic Syntheses in Packed Bed Flow Reactors: I .2‐Butanone from 2,3‐Butanediol

Baizer

Nobe

1988

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A mathematical model for paired syntheses of 2-butanone from 2,3-butanediol in a packed bed flow reactor has been constructed, Model equations have been solved with a modified Shooting-Runge Kutta numerical technique. Model calculations of current efficiencies and species concentrations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Calculations show that an.odic reactions occur mainly in the front end of the anode. Bromine and bromate formation at the anode and acetoin reduction and hydrogen evolution at the cathode are charge-transfer controlled. Rates of bromine and bromate reduction at the cathode are mass-transfer controlled. Electrochemical reactions involve two operational vari-) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 131.215.225.9 Downloaded on 2015-06-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 131.215.225.9 Downloaded on 2015-06-23 to IP ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 131.215.225.9 Downloaded on 2015-06-23 to IP

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“…The mechanism of bromine oxidation and reduction reactions at a platinum electrode were studied during the 1960s and 1980s and onwards [27–37] . In general, three mechanisms have been proposed for bromine electrode reaction: (i) the Volmer‐Heyrovsky (V‐H), (ii) the Volmer‐Tafel (V‐T) and, (iii) the Heyrovsky‐Tafel (H‐T).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Bromine/bromide Redox Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Materials as Positive Electrodes in Bromine‐Based Flow Batteries

et al. 2022

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Bromine based redox flow batteries (RFBs) can provide sustainable energy storage due to the abundance of bromine. Such devices pair Br2/Br− at the positive electrode with complementary redox couples at the negative electrode. Due to the highly corrosive nature of bromine, electrode materials need to be corrosion resistant and durable. The positive electrode requires good electrochemical activity and reversibility for the Br2/Br− couple. Carbon materials enjoy the advantages of low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical resistance, wide operational potential ranges, modifiable surface properties, and high surface area. Here carbon based materials for bromine electrodes are reviewed, with a focus on application in zinc‐bromine, hydrogen‐bromine, and polysulphide‐bromine RFB systems, aiming to provide an overview of carbon materials to be used for design and development of bromine electrodes with improved performance. Aspects deserving further R&D are highlighted.

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Mechanism of bromine evolution at a graphite electrode

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Graphite Fiber‐Polymer Matrix Composites as Electrolysis Electrodes

Graphite Fiber‐Polymer Matrix Composites as Electrolysis Electrodes

Mathematical Modeling of the Paired Electro‐organic Syntheses in Packed Bed Flow Reactors: I .2‐Butanone from 2,3‐Butanediol

Carbon Materials as Positive Electrodes in Bromine‐Based Flow Batteries

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