Mechanism of Actuation in Conducting Polymers:  Osmotic Expansion

Bay, Lasse; Jacobsen, and Torben; Skaarup, Steen; West, Keld

doi:10.1021/jp003872w

Cited by 226 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They observed that the expansion decreased with increasing electrolyte concentration, which they explained by means of the osmotic expansion suffered by a polymer membrane in solution. 27 Studying the radial expansion of PPy(DBS) Carlsson et al also obtained a decreasing final expansion with increasing electrolyte concentration. 28 However, the final expansion at concentrations lower than 0.15 M was extremely slow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Electrolyte Concentration and Substrate on Conducting Polymer Actuators

2014

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ABSTRACT:The effect of the electrolyte concentration (NaCl aqueous electrolyte) on the dimensional variations of films of polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulphonate PPy(DBS) on Pt and Au wires was studied. Any parallel reaction that occurs during the redox polymeric reaction that drives the mechanical actuation, as detected from the coulovoltammetric responses, was avoided by using Pt wires as substrate and controlling the potential limits, thus significantly increasing the actuator lifetime. The NaCl concentration of the electrolyte, when studied by cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry, has a strong effect on the performance as well. A maximum expansion was achieved in 0.3 M aqueous solution. The consumed oxidation and reduction charges control the fully reversible dimensional variations: PPy(DBS) films are faradaic polymeric motors. Parallel to the faradaic exchange of the cations, osmotic, electrophoretic, and structural changes play an important role for the water exchange and volume change of PPy(DBS).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Electrolyte Concentration and Substrate on Conducting Polymer Actuators

2014

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“…The force moving the solvent particles is analogous to osmotic pressure and therefore, the volume expansion attributed by solvent is termed osmotic expansion [13]. The osmotic expansion is closely related to the number of ions in the PPy and changes with the oxidation reduction states.…”

Section: A Mechanism Of Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The osmotic expansion is closely related to the number of ions in the PPy and changes with the oxidation reduction states. The associated expansion is a significant effect and combined with ionic flow, electrostatic interactions, the length of carbon-carbon bonds and the conformational changes within the polymer cause volume change within the PPy layers and therefore an introduction of strain [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In a conjugated polymer, volume expansion will occur in the oxidation state and contract during the reduction state [11].…”

Section: A Mechanism Of Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent Control of Electroactive Polymer Actuators Based on Fuzzy and Neurofuzzy Methodologies

Druitt

Alici

2014

IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron.

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Conjugated conducting polymer actuators, especially those based on polypyrrole (PPy), possess enormous potential for the creation of biomimetic devices, single-cell manipulators, numerous biomedical applications as well as robotics and prosthetics. This is due to their low actuation voltage, ability to operate at the macro-or microscale, large force-to-weight ratio, biocompatibility, low cost and their operation in aqueous and nonaqueous environments. This paper experimentally investigates the potential of intelligent control methodologies to improve the positional accuracy and response speed of trilayer PPy actuators. Two intelligent control techniques were designed and implemented -fuzzy logic PD+I control and neurofuzzy adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control, which are fundamentally model-free control techniques. The performance of these controllers was compared to that of a conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. It was found that the two intelligent control schemes significantly outperformed the conventional PID controller in both step and dynamic responses, with an improvement in rise time of at least 18 times and in settling time of at least two times. This study is the first to implement and compare fuzzy logic PD+I and neurofuzzy ANFIS PD+I intelligent control methodologies with a classical PID controller to the emerging field of conducting polymer PPy actuators and lays the groundwork for their use in functional devices. KeywordsElectroactive polymer actuators, fuzzy logic, neural networks, smart actuators

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“…S1. The volume change is primarily due to the movement of the charge balancing anions in and out of the polymer layers, and perhaps some solvent molecules move inside the polymer layers, due to osmotic effects to balance the ionic concentration [17]. The actuator parameters which determine the volume change and the dynamic response of the polymer actuators are the thickness, width and length of the active polymer layers and the separator, the type of the salt, ionic concentration of the salt, solvent, and the magnitude and frequency of the potential difference applied [12,18].…”

Section: Ppy Tri-layer Microactuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterning and electrical interfacing of individually controllable conducting polymer microactuators

Jager

Masurkar

Nworah

et al. 2013

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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Conducting polymer actuators such as polypyrrole (PPy) microactuators are interesting candidates to drive autonomous microrobotic devices that require low weight and low power. Simple PPy tri-layer bending type microactuators that operate in air have been demonstrated previously but they lack individual control and had problems with short circuiting due to electrical connections. The lack of micropatterning methods and proper interfacing are currently major obstacles in the development of PPy tri-layer microactuators. Here, we report for the first time methods for successfully patterning and interfacing of such tri-layer PPy microactuators. The PPy tri-layer actuators were patterned using adapted microfabrication technology including photolithography. The interface was based on a flexible printed circuit board comprising the electronic circuit into which the actuator unit was embedded. It showed that the microfabricated tri-layer actuators functioned as good as the normally fabricated actuators. The new interface seemed to actually improve the actuator performance. This interfacing method could also be applied to other electroactive polymer devices, such as ion polymer metal composites (IPMC) and dielectric elastomers (DE).

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Mechanism of Actuation in Conducting Polymers: Osmotic Expansion

Cited by 226 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of the Electrolyte Concentration and Substrate on Conducting Polymer Actuators

Effect of the Electrolyte Concentration and Substrate on Conducting Polymer Actuators

Intelligent Control of Electroactive Polymer Actuators Based on Fuzzy and Neurofuzzy Methodologies

Patterning and electrical interfacing of individually controllable conducting polymer microactuators

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