Mechanism for increased leaf growth in elevated CO<sub>2</sub>

Ranasinghe, Sanathanie; Taylor, Gail

doi:10.1093/jxb/47.3.349

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…This limited temporal stimulation of cell expansion is in contrast to a number of other reports where leaf cell expansion has appeared extremely sensitive to [CO 2 ], including our own research on poplar (Gardner et al, 1995;Ferris et al, 2001) and where it has recently been possible to identify quantitative trait loci for leaf cell size in response to elevated [CO 2 ] (Ferris et al, 2002). Increased leaf cell expansion was related to a stimulation in cell wall loosening (Ranasinghe and Taylor, 1996;Ferris et al, 2001). In general, it seems likely that both processes of cell production and expansion are sensitive to the supply of CO 2 , but their influence on leaf size and shape varies depending on species and other environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

et al. 2003

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Leaf expansion in the fast-growing tree, Populus ϫ euramericana was stimulated by elevated [CO 2 ] in a closed-canopy forest plantation, exposed using a free air CO 2 enrichment technique enabling long-term experimentation in field conditions. The effects of elevated [CO 2 ] over time were characterized and related to the leaf plastochron index (LPI), and showed that leaf expansion was stimulated at very early (LPI, 0-3) and late (LPI, 6-8) stages in development. Early and late effects of elevated [CO 2 ] were largely the result of increased cell expansion and increased cell production, respectively. Spatial effects of elevated [CO 2 ] were also marked and increased final leaf size resulted from an effect on leaf area, but not leaf length, demonstrating changed leaf shape in response to [CO 2 ]. Leaves exhibited a basipetal gradient of leaf development, investigated by defining seven interveinal areas, with growth ceasing first at the leaf tip. Interestingly, and in contrast to other reports, no spatial differences in epidermal cell size were apparent across the lamina, whereas a clear basipetal gradient in cell production rate was found. These data suggest that the rate and timing of cell production was more important in determining leaf shape, given the constant cell size across the leaf lamina. The effect of elevated [CO 2 ] imposed on this developmental gradient suggested that leaf cell production continued longer in elevated [CO 2 ] and that basal increases in cell production rate were also more important than altered cell expansion for increased final leaf size and altered leaf shape in elevated [CO 2 ].Given the importance of forests for global bioproductivity, the consequences of increased atmospheric [CO 2 ] for the global carbon cycle are potentially extremely large (Malhi et al., 1999). Despite this, there are still relatively few large-scale, long-term experiments from which predictions about likely forest responses can be made. Few studies have been completed where trees are allowed to develop to canopy closure and where a "stable" response to [CO 2 ] is likely. Determining the response of leaf area development to elevated [CO 2 ] is important. It is still unknown whether forests of the future will maintain a higher leaf area index (LAI), as implied from smalltree studies (Ceulemans et al., 1997) or whether the long-term (decades) responses will be reduced allocation to foliage and lower LAI, as suggested by some modeling approaches (Medlyn and Dewar, 1996) or involve acclimation to limited nitrogen (Oren et al., 2001).Leaf growth is often stimulated in short-term response to elevated [CO 2 ] (Taylor et al., 1994;Pritchard et al., 1999), and both leaf cell expansion and cell production are sensitive to [CO 2 ] (Taylor et al., 1994). It is likely that these processes respond to additional carbohydrate from photosynthesis and, as such, altered atmospheric [CO 2 ] provides a critical insight into how carbon regulates plant development and growth (Masle, 2000). The importance of leaf develo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

et al. 2003

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“…They suggested that sucrose might function as a plant growth regulator in a fashion similar to that described for hormones. For example, sucrose might have a role as a chemical control point in the cell division cycle (Francis, 1992 ;Ranasinghe & Taylor, 1996), perhaps acting by mediating cyclin activity (Kinsman et al, 1997). Cyclins, a class of regulatory subunits of a family of protein kinases, have recently been shown to facilitate the transition of cells from G0 to G1 of the cell cycle, thus stimulating division (Soni et al, 1995 ;Jacobs 1997).…”

Section: Cell Divisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments

2000

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 Growth of crops in CO# -enriched atmospheres typically results in significant changes in root growth and development. Increased root carbohydrates stimulate root growth either directly (functioning as substrates) or indirectly (functioning as signal molecules) by enhancing cell division or cell expansion, or both. Although highly variable, the literature suggests that, generally, initiation and stimulation of lateral roots is favored over the elongation of primary roots, leading to more highly branched, shallower root systems. Such architectural shifts can render root systems less efficient, perhaps contributing to the lower specific root activities often reported. Allocation of carbon (C) to roots fluctuates through the life of the plant ; root functional and growth responses should therefore not be viewed as static. In annual crops, C allocation to belowground processes changes as vegetative growth switches to reproduction and maturation. Reductions in C allocation to roots over time might cause temporal shifts in root deployment, perhaps affecting root demography. However, significant changes in root turnover (defined here as root flux or mortality relative to total root pool size) as a result of decreased root longevities in crop plants are unlikely. Consideration of changing C allocation to roots, a more thorough understanding of the mechanistic controls on root longevity, and a better characterization of the rooting habits (life histories) of different crop species will further our understanding of how increasing atmospheric [CO # ] will affect root demography. This knowledge will lead the way toward a more thorough understanding of the linkage of atmosphere with belowground plant function and also that of plant function with soil biology and structure. Ultimately, successful modeling of global C and nitrogen (N) cycles will require empirical data concerning spatial and temporal deployment of roots for a range of crop species grown under different agricultural management systems.

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“…This hypothesis was supported by the findings of Amanda et al (2008) that cell wall-related genes, viz., alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydoxase (EC 2.4.1.207), caffeoylCoA-3-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.68) and cell wall invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) were induced under elevated CO 2 . Higher sucrose content of seedlings under elevated CO 2 has also been suggested by Ranasinghe and Taylor (1996) to contribute in the increased growth due to improved activities of growth enzyme known as cyclindependent protein kinases (EC 2.7.11.22) that enhances cell division.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in growth and photosynthetic patterns of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings exposed to short-term CO2 enrichment in a closed top chamber

et al. 2009

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Three varieties of oil palm seedlings (Deli Yangambi, Deli Urt, Deli AVROS) were exposed to three levels of CO 2 (400, 800, 1,200 lmol/mol) in split plot design to determine growth (net assimilation rate, NAR; relative growth rate, RGR) and photosynthetic patterns of the seedlings under short-term CO 2 exposure of 15 weeks. Increasing CO 2 from 400 to 800 and 1,200 lmol/mol significantly enhanced total biomass and leaf area, net photosynthesis (A) and water use efficiency (WUE) especially from weeks 9 to 15. By the end of week 15, total biomass increased by 113%, and A and WUE by one-and fivefold, respectively, while specific leaf area decreased by 37%. Both enhanced biomass and A under elevated CO 2 were effective in modifying NAR and RGR as shown by high correlation coefficient values (r 2 = 0.68 and 0.72; r 2 = 0.63 and 0.67, respectively), although WUE seemed to have more influence over the NAR (r 2 = 0.97) and RGR (r 2 = 0.93). Neither interspecific preference nor its interaction with CO 2 imposed any significant effect on parameters observed. Growth improvement with CO 2 seemed able to produce healthy, bigger and vigorous oil palm seedlings, and the technique may have potential to be developed for use to reduce nursery period.Keywords Oil palm seedling Á Growth and development Á Net assimilation rate and relative growth rate Á Net photosynthesis Á Water use efficiency

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Mechanism for increased leaf growth in elevated CO₂

Cited by 57 publications

References 30 publications

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments

Changes in growth and photosynthetic patterns of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings exposed to short-term CO2 enrichment in a closed top chamber

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Mechanism for increased leaf growth in elevated CO2

Cited by 57 publications

References 30 publications

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO2‐enriched environments

Changes in growth and photosynthetic patterns of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings exposed to short-term CO2 enrichment in a closed top chamber

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Mechanism for increased leaf growth in elevated CO₂

Spatial and temporal deployment of crop roots in CO₂‐enriched environments