Mechanics of vein, fault and solution surface formation in the Appalachian valley and ridge, northeastern tennessee, U.S.A.: implications for fault friction, state of stress and fluid pressure

Ohlmacher, Gregory C.; Aydin, Atilla

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(97)00015-1

Cited by 57 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Consistently with this, the coupling between flexural slip and maximum stress reorientation documented in other structures has been attributed to the fact that slipping along closely spaced lowfriction bedding surface imposes the maximum stress to orient at low angle to the slipping bedding surface over a wide area (i.e. the flexural-slip folded area), as mentioned in the introduction (Wiltschko et al, 1985;Ohlmacher and Aydin, 1997;Tavani et al, 2012). This concept fully applies to the data presented in this work until the strata attain a strongly overturned attitude.…”

Section: Flexural Slipping and Stress Reorientationsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)

et al. 2017

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Abstract. In the Spanish Pyrenees, the Sant Corneli-Bóixols thrust-related anticline displays an outstandingly preserved growth strata sequence. These strata lie on top of a major unconformity exposed at the anticline's forelimb that divides and decouples a lower pre-folding unit from an upper syn-folding one. The former consists of steeply dipping to overturned strata with widespread bedding-parallel slip indicative of folding by flexural slip, whereas the syn-folding strata above define a 200 m amplitude fold. In the inner and outer sectors of the forelimb, both pre- and syn-folding strata are near vertical to overturned and the unconformity angle ranges from 10 to 30°. In the central portion of the forelimb, syn-folding layers are gently dipping, whereas the angular unconformity is about 90° and the unconformity surface displays strong S–C shear structures, which provide a top-to-foreland slip sense. This sheared unconformity is offset by steeply dipping faults, which are at low angles to the underlying layers of the pre-folding unit. Strong shearing along the unconformity surface also occurred in the inner sector of the forelimb, with S–C structures providing an opposite, top-to-hinterland slip sense. Cross-cutting relationships and slip senses along the pre-folding bedding surfaces and the unconformity indicate that regardless of its orientation, layering in the pre- and syn-folding sequences of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline were continuously slipped. This slipping promoted an intense stress deflection, with the maximum component of the stress tensor remaining at low angles to bedding during most of the folding process.

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Section: Flexural Slipping and Stress Reorientationsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…S. Tavani et al: Syn-thrusting stress deflection the slipping surface (Wiltschko et al, 1985;Ohlmacher and Aydin, 1997;Tavani et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)

et al. 2017

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“…Therefore to cause slip the splay fracture model requires locally complex stress or material rotations within the stratigraphic or bedding unit. This could be related to tilting, bending, episodic bedding‐parallel slip [ Ohlmacher and Aydin , 1997] and extension perpendicular to the monocline axis during folding as well as stress concentrations or shadows from nearby joints and sheared joints. Yet the consistent geometric pattern produced by sequential formation and subsequent shearing of joints indicates that a systematic formation mechanism, or potentially some type of feedback, is necessary for fault development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of conjugate normal fault systems in folded sandstone by sequential jointing and shearing, Waterpocket monocline, Utah

Davatzes

Aydin

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] We report conjugate normal fault development by the formation and subsequent shearing of joints during flexure and associated extension of the Jurassic Wingate and Navajo Sandstones at the core of the Waterpocket monocline, Utah. Geometry and structural components across fault zones were quantified from an incipient stage to a relatively well-developed stage where the zone is 120 m wide and accommodates more than 3.5 m of slip. Shearing of joints leads to the formation of splay fractures near the joints' tip. Subsequently, these splay fractures are sheared and a new generation of splay fractures forms. Multiple generations of splay fractures cause the width of the fault damage zone to expand into the surrounding host rock, producing unusually wide fault damage zones with respect to fault offset. These extensive fault damage zones are stratigraphically confined and develop with low strains at small bed dips during folding. The faults formed by this sequential process develop a characteristic fault architecture distinguished by the type of component structures, their geometric relationships, and their distribution. We conclude that cyclic joint formation, shearing accompanied by splay fracture formation, and repeated shearing produce a geometric pattern similar to a classical conjugate fault system. However, the mechanism identified here has different implications for fault intersection angles, stress inversion, and fault architecture.

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“…In this paper we extend fault linkage modeling, such as that by Du and Aydin [1993, 1995] and Shen and Stephansson [1993], to simulate more complex linkage structures. A number of factors effect fault linkage, including the friction coefficient [ Olmacher and Aydin , 1997] and rheology. In this paper, we focus on the initial configuration of discontinuities, the stress ratio and the orientation of the principal stresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating brittle fault growth from linkage of preexisting structures

et al. 2008

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[1] Many researchers have proposed conceptual models of fault development that are based on the linkage of preexisting structures such as isolated faults, joints or veins. To date, such models largely use theoretical mechanics to explain the detailed damage zone geometries observed in linkage structures. In this paper, we present the first numerical simulations of the temporal and spatial development of geometrically complex fault linkage structures using the finite element model for fault damage zone evolution, MOPEDZ. Simulations show spatial and temporal fault zone evolution for a range of preexisting joint (or fault) geometries and stress conditions. Simulations show that linkage geometries are governed by three key factors: the stress ratio; the original joint geometry, such as contractional or dilational configurations; and the orientation of the principal stress. Simulated linkage structures display close correspondence to field observations of fault zone geometry, with all secondary and tertiary damage features being reproduced. The research also demonstrates that given information on the regional stress conditions, numerical modeling can be used to predict fault zone geometries, and hence, identify the most (and least) likely structures for promoting fluid flow.

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Mechanics of vein, fault and solution surface formation in the Appalachian valley and ridge, northeastern tennessee, U.S.A.: implications for fault friction, state of stress and fluid pressure

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)

Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)

The formation of conjugate normal fault systems in folded sandstone by sequential jointing and shearing, Waterpocket monocline, Utah

Simulating brittle fault growth from linkage of preexisting structures

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