Mechanically Reconfigurable, Beam-Scanning Reflectarray and Transmitarray Antennas: A Review

Mirmozafari, Mirhamed; Zhang, Zongtang; Gao, Meng; Zhao, Jiahao; Honari, Mohammad Mahdi; Booske, John H.; Behdad, Nader

doi:10.3390/app11156890

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…To make the size of W size in (22) compatible with the array steering vector size, it is possible to manipulate these matrices' sizes by applying a summation over each column to obtain an average weight vector, w v = ∑ W, with dimensions (M × 1) and ((M 1 M 2 ) × 1) for 1D and 2D arrays, respectively. The output radiation pattern can be formed by multiplying the optimum weights by the steering vector as follows:…”

Section: The Proposed Beamforming Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Step 3: Apply JPDF to estimate n = x − a N (θ, φ)s using (19) Step 4: Set the gradient of ( 20) to zero and calculate the weights as given in (22) Step 5: Apply (23) to construct the output radiation pattern of the antenna array…”

Section: Algorithm 1: Projection Noise Correlation Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proven to have the possibility of implementation with fast electromechanical devices. Consequently, it is considered a significant achievement since it overcomes the previous schemes' complexities by controlling each unit cell separately and performing 2D beam steering with a large element [22]. However, this approach still has some significant challenges, such as high sidelobe levels and beamwidth widening, which prevent the presented antenna from meeting the minimum requirements for beam steering [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications

et al. 2022

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Recent studies and research have centred on new solutions in different elements and stages to the increasing energy and data rate demands for the fifth generation and beyond (B5G). Based on a new-efficient digital beamforming approach for 5G wireless communication networks, this work offers a compact-size circular patch antenna operating at 60 GHz and covering a 4 GHz spectrum bandwidth. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M–MIMO) and beamforming technology build and simulate an active multiple beams antenna system. Thirty-two linear and sixty-four planar antenna array configurations are modelled and constructed to work as base stations for 5G mobile communication networks. Furthermore, a new beamforming approach called Projection Noise Correlation Matrix (PNCM) is presented to compute and optimise the fed weights of the array elements. The key idea of the PNCM method is to sample a portion of the measured noise correlation matrix uniformly in order to provide the best representation of the entire measured matrix. The sampled data will then be utilised to build a projected matrix using the pseudoinverse approach in order to determine the best fit solution for a system and prevent any potential singularities caused by the matrix inversion process. The PNCM is a low-complexity method since it avoids eigenvalue decomposition and computing the entire matrix inversion procedure and does not require including signal and interference correlation matrices in the weight optimisation process. The suggested approach is compared to three standard beamforming methods based on an intensive Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate its advantage. The experiment results reveal that the proposed method delivers the best Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) augmentation among the compared beamformers.

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Section: The Proposed Beamforming Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Algorithm 1: Projection Noise Correlation Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications

et al. 2022

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“…Since the UAV swarm-based phased array systems enable distributed beamforming through the coherent combination of many separate transceivers, the structure of such systems are normally based on the traditional planar array configurations, rather than using reflectarrays [21] or transmitarrays structures [22] with closely spaced passive resonant elements. Due to the limitations of physical dimension of UAVs, the minimum array element spacing would be larger than one-half wavelength, resulting in grating lobes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Swarm-Based Distributed Phased Arrays for Grating Lobe Mitigation and Collision Avoidance

Diao

2022

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

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Distributed phased arrays based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm with small antenna elements on each micro-UAV are expected to achieve much better performance than the traditional phased arrays due to a large amount of swarm mobile individuals and deployment flexibility. To avoid the possible collisions of the flying UAVs, a large separation distance between UAVs is required, but grating lobes can appear when the array element spacing is larger than one-half wavelength. To solve this issue, array antennas with aperiodic element placement are normally used to mitigate the grating lobes, while suffering from a high collision risk for UAVs due to the reduced array element separation in the aperiodic array. This paper proposes a novel 3-D aperiodic array design by adding an additional degree of freedom in the optimization of array configuration. The sidelobe levels can be largely reduced from the planar periodic arrays. In addition, the collision risk for UAVs represented by the minimum separation distance between array elements can be largely decreased from the planar aperiodic arrays. This work provides a feasible strategy for the design and optimization of the UAV swarm-based phased arrays for practical applications.

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“…It exhibits the main beam scanning from 80 • to 120 • . Apart from LWAs, other methods, such as near-field transformation, SIW edge-radiation and end-fire antennas can potentially been used for beam-scanning purposes [33][34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wide-Angle Scanning Sub-Terahertz Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on a Multilayer Dielectric Image Waveguide

et al. 2021

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This paper presents a new layered dielectric leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for the sub-terahertz (THz) frequency range capable of efficient operation at the broadside with a wide beam scanning angle and stable gain. It consists of a conductor-backed alumina dielectric image line (DIL) with two different dielectric layers mounted on top of each other for performance improvement. The upper layer is a high permittivity RO6010 substrate to enhance the directivity as a superstrate and the lower layer is a low-permittivity RT/duroid 5880 substrate stacked on the alumina DIL to prevent the probable excitation of higher-order modes in the DIL channel. A 15-element linear array of radiating overlapped discs is used to mitigate the open stop-band (OSB) problem, fed by the mentioned waveguide, was designed and simulated at frequencies around 170 GHz. The dominant mode of the layered dielectric waveguide is perturbed by the infinite space harmonics generated by two sets of overlapped discs periodically sandwiched between the layers. It exhibited a relatively wide impedance bandwidth of 28.19% (157.5–206 GHz). Its radiation mechanism has been widely studied through simulations. The results revealed that the antenna provides a wide scanning capability through the broadside from −23° to 38°, covering the frequency range between 157.5 GHz and 201.5 GHz. For an array with 15 radiating elements, the simulated peak gain in the band is 15 dBi and the broadside gain is 13.6 dBi at 172 GHz.

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Mechanically Reconfigurable, Beam-Scanning Reflectarray and Transmitarray Antennas: A Review

Cited by 31 publications

References 75 publications

A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications

A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Swarm-Based Distributed Phased Arrays for Grating Lobe Mitigation and Collision Avoidance

A Wide-Angle Scanning Sub-Terahertz Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on a Multilayer Dielectric Image Waveguide

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