Mechanical testing of bones: the positive synergy of finite–element models and<i>in vitro</i>experiments

Cristofolini, Luca; Schileo, Enrico; Juszczyk, Mateusz; Taddei, Fulvia; Martelli, Saulo; Viceconti, Marco

doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0046

Cited by 69 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…However, little is known about the local distribution of stress and strain of bone under certain loads, information necessary to study how bone structure and its local mechanical competence are related. At the organ level strain gages (Cristofolini et al, 2010;Trabelsi and Yosibash, 2011) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques (Amin Yavari et al, 2013;Dickinson et al, 2011) have been used to perform strain measurement on a limited portion of the external surface of the tested bone. However, these methods can not be used at the biopsy level, where the space is limited and 3D volumetric information becomes essential due to the complex microstructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

About the inevitable compromise between spatial resolution and accuracy of strain measurement for bone tissue: A 3D zero-strain study

Dall’Ara

Barber

Viceconti

2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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The accurate measurement of local strain is necessary to study bone mechanics and to validate micro computed tomography (µCT) based finite element (FE) models at the tissue scale. Digital volume correlation (DVC) has been used to provide a volumetric estimation of local strain in trabecular bone sample with a reasonable accuracy. However, nothing has been reported so far for µCT based analysis of cortical bone. The goal of this study was to evaluate accuracy and precision of a deformable registration method for prediction of local zero-strains in bovine cortical and trabecular bone samples.The accuracy and precision were analyzed by comparing scans virtually displaced, repeated scans without any repositioning of the sample in the scanner and repeated scans with repositioning of the samples.The analysis showed that both precision and accuracy errors decrease with increasing the size of the region analyzed, by following power laws. The main source of error was found to be the intrinsic noise of the images compared to the others investigated. The results, once extrapolated for larger regions of interest that are typically used in the literature, were in most cases better than the ones previously reported. For a nodal spacing equal to 50 voxels (498 µm), the accuracy and precision ranges were 425-692 µ and 202-394µ , respectively. In conclusion, it was shown that the proposed method can be used to study the local deformation of cortical and trabecular bone loaded beyond yield, if a sufficiently high nodal spacing is used.3

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

About the inevitable compromise between spatial resolution and accuracy of strain measurement for bone tissue: A 3D zero-strain study

Dall’Ara

Barber

Viceconti

2014

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…), which depend on the properties of the material at the nano-scale (i.e., the molecular level, where collagen fibers and mineral grains are arranged). For example, to predict when and where a bone fracture will occur, the loading conditions on the whole bone (Cristofolini et al, 2010b;Dall' Ara et al, 2013b) as well as the density distribution and microarchitecture of the bone tissue (Bouxsein, 2003) need to be accounted for. Similarly, to evaluate the effect of mechanical stimuli (Birkhold et al, 2017), aging (Razi et al, 2015), musculoskeletal pathologies (e.g., osteoporosis imbalances the bone homeostasis toward reabsorption) (Badilatti et al, 2016), or interventions to treat them (Levchuk et al, 2014), the local mechanical properties on the different bone structural units (BSUs, i.e., trabeculae or osteons) need to be accurately quantified over the whole bone.…”

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confidence: 99%

Precision of Digital Volume Correlation Approaches for Strain Analysis in Bone Imaged with Micro-Computed Tomography at Different Dimensional Levels

et al. 2017

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Accurate measurement of local strain in heterogeneous and anisotropic bone tissue is fundamental to understand the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal diseases, to evaluate the effect of interventions from preclinical studies, and to optimize the design and delivery of biomaterials. Digital volume correlation (DVC) can be used to measure the three-dimensional displacement and strain fields from micro-computed tomography (μCT) images of loaded specimens. However, this approach is affected by the quality of the input images, by the morphology and density of the tissue under investigation, by the correlation scheme, and by the operational parameters used in the computation. Therefore, for each application, the precision of the method should be evaluated. In this paper, we present the results collected from datasets analyzed in previous studies as well as new data from a recent experimental campaign for characterizing the relationship between the precision of two different DVC approaches and the spatial resolution of the outputs. Different bone structures scanned with laboratory source μCT or synchrotron light μCT (SRμCT) were processed in zero-strain tests to evaluate the precision of the DVC methods as a function of the subvolume size that ranged from 8 to 2,500 µm. The results confirmed that for every microstructure the precision of DVC improves for larger subvolume size, following power laws. However, for the first time, large differences in the precision of both local and global DVC approaches have been highlighted when SRμCT or in vivo μCT images were used instead of conventional ex vivo μCT. These findings suggest that in situ mechanical testing protocols applied in SRμCT facilities should be optimized to allow DVC analyses of localized strain measurements. Moreover, for in vivo μCT applications, DVC analyses should be performed only with relatively course spatial resolution for achieving a reasonable precision of the method. In conclusion, we have extensively shown that the precision of both tested DVC approaches is affected by different bone structures, different input image resolution, and different subvolume sizes. Before each specific application, DVC users should always apply a similar approach to find the best compromise between precision and spatial resolution of the measurements.

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“…In the same years, the group of Cristofolini & Viceconti performed several studies aimed at experimentally measuring the strain response of intact bones using SGs [8], [13], [35]. The strain distribution in the proximal human femoral metaphysis was measured in different configurations resembling single leg stance, using non-destructive tests [36].…”

Section: Most Relevant Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting accurate strain measurements in bone mechanics: A critical review of current methods

Grassi

Isaksson

2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Osteoporosis related fractures are a social burden that advocates for more accurate fracture prediction methods. Mechanistic methods, e.g. finite element models, have been proposed as a tool to better predict bone mechanical behaviour and strength. However, there is little consensus about the optimal constitutive law to describe bone as a material. Extracting reliable and relevant strain data from experimental tests is of fundamental importance to better understand bone mechanical properties, and to validate numerical models.Several techniques have been used to measure strain in experimental mechanics, with substantial differences in terms of accuracy, precision, time-and length-scale. Each technique presents upsides and downsides that must be carefully evaluated when designing the experiment. Moreover, additional complexities are often encountered when applying such strain measurement techniques to bone, due to its complex composite structure. 2This review of literature examined the four most commonly adopted methods for strain measurements (strain gauges, fibre Bragg grating sensors, digital image correlation, and digital volume correlation), with a focus on studies with bone as a substrate material, at the organ and tissue level. For each of them the working principles, a summary of the main applications to bone mechanics at the organ-and tissue-level, and a list of pros and cons are provided.

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Mechanical testing of bones: the positive synergy of finite–element models andin vitroexperiments

Cited by 69 publications

References 148 publications

About the inevitable compromise between spatial resolution and accuracy of strain measurement for bone tissue: A 3D zero-strain study

About the inevitable compromise between spatial resolution and accuracy of strain measurement for bone tissue: A 3D zero-strain study

Precision of Digital Volume Correlation Approaches for Strain Analysis in Bone Imaged with Micro-Computed Tomography at Different Dimensional Levels

Extracting accurate strain measurements in bone mechanics: A critical review of current methods

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