Mechanical properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskites, CH3NH3PbX3(X = I, Br and Cl), by nanoindentation

Sun, Shijing; Fang, Yanan; Kieslich, Gregor; White, Timothy John; Cheetham, Anthony K.

doi:10.1039/c5ta03331d

Cited by 212 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…Also, by calculating the slope of the curve in the elastic regime, the elastic modulus ( E s ) was determined to be 2.0 ± 0.03 GPa, 3.8 ± 0.1 GPa, 12.3 ± 1.2 GPa, and 8.8 ± 2.0 GPa, for NOA 63, PEDOT:PSS, perovskite, and PCBM, respectively, as shown in Figure 6 a (dotted line). [55][56][57] It should be noted that unlike the common stress-strain curve where the slope of the curve decreases in plastic regime, PEDOT:PSS, perovskite, and PCBM showed continuous increase in the indentation stress as a function of the indentation strain, which was probably due to the strain hardening effect. The E IT values of NOA 63, PEDOT:PSS, perovskite, and PCBM were measured to be 1.5 ± 0.02 GPa, 3.3 ± 0.1 GPa, 13.5 ± 1.3 GPa, and 7.8 ± 1.8 GPa, respectively (Figure 6 c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically Recoverable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Investigation of Intrinsic Flexibility of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite

Park

Kim

Jeong

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

142

143

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Highly efficient solar cells with sustainable performance under severe mechanical deformations are in great demand for future wearable power supply devices. In this regard, numerous studies have progressed to implement flexible architecture to high‐performance devices such as perovskite solar cells. However, the absence of suitable flexible and stretchable materials has been a great obstacle in the replacement of largely utilized transparent conducting oxides that are limited in flexibility. Here, a shape recoverable polymer, Noland Optical Adhesive 63, is utilized as a substrate of perovskite solar cell to enable complete shape recovery of the device upon sub‐millimeter bending radii. The employment of stretchable electrodes prevents mechanical damage of the perovskite layer. Before and after bending at a radius of 1 mm, power conversion efficiency (PCE) is measured to be 10.75% and 10.4%, respectively. Additionally, the shape recoverable device demonstrates a PCE of 6.07% after crumpling. The mechanical properties of all the layers are characterized by nanoindentation. Finite element analysis reveals that the outstanding flexibility of the perovskite layer enables small plastic strain distribution on the deformed device. These results clearly demonstrated that this device has great potential to be utilized in stretchable power supply applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically Recoverable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Investigation of Intrinsic Flexibility of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite

Park

Kim

Jeong

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

142

143

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“…In hybrid perovskites, a modified version of Goldschmidt's equation is used to calculate t, because there is a molecular cation instead of a monatomic one (18). Cheetham and coworkers (19,20) modified the tolerance factor equation to use an effective radius of the organic cation (Table S2) 3 18.38 ± 0.85(4) 34.50 ± 1.01 MAPbBr 3 25.86 ± 0.25(4) 6.69 ± 1.41 MAPbCl 3 26.13 ± 0.32(4) −9.03 ± 1.68…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct calorimetric verification of thermodynamic instability of lead halide hybrid perovskites

Nagabhushana

Shivaramaiah

Navrotsky

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

356

268

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Hybrid perovskites, especially methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), exhibit excellent solar power conversion efficiencies. However, their application is plagued by poor chemical and structural stability. Using direct calorimetric measurement of heats of formation, MAPbI 3 is shown to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to decomposition to lead iodide and methylammonium iodide, even in the absence of ambient air or light or heat-induced defects, thus limiting its long-term use in devices. The formation enthalpy from binary halide components becomes less favorable in the order MAPbCl 3 , MAPbBr 3 , MAPbI 3 , with only the chloride having a negative heat of formation. Optimizing the geometric match of constituents as measured by the Goldschmidt tolerance factor provides a potentially quantifiable thermodynamic guide for seeking chemical substitutions to enhance stability.hybrid halide perovskites | thermodynamic instability | solar cells | tolerance factor | enthalpy of formation O rganic-inorganic hybrid materials which adopt the perovskite structure have gained increasing attention due to their excellent solar to electric power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX 3 ) perovskite leads the race with a PCE of 20%. Although these perovskites were discovered in 1978 by Weber, who described their structural and physical properties (1, 2), their solar cell application was explored only in 2009 by Miyasaka and coworkers. (3). Recently a very impressive PCE of 20% has been claimed for these materials (4). The extraordinary performance of hybrid perovskites has been attributed to their large absorption efficiency, favorable band gap, high charge mobility, and long-range electron hole transport (5-8). The AMX 3 perovskite structure provides great flexibility for modifications where, in principle, a range of similar compounds with different energy gaps can be synthesized by variation and/or partial substitution of the organic moiety (A = methylammonium, ethylammonium, formamidinium, or other possible organic cations), the metal (M = Pb, Sn and possible others), or the halide (X = I, Br, Cl). All these factors make organic metal halide perovskites frontrunners compared with other conventional solar cell materials (9).

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“…In this paper, we present an investigation of the mechanical characteristics of MAPbI 3 -to which relatively limited attention has so far been paid [25][26][27] -and, in particular, to their variation under exposure to humid environments. Indeed, given that future devices will be exposed to diverse external mechanical forces (shocks, bending), characterization of the mechanical properties is undoubtedly crucial, especially to move from prototype to real large-scale applications.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanical signatures of degradation of the photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 upon water vapor exposure

Spina

Karimi

Andreoni

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the mechanical properties of CH3NH3PbI3 photovoltaic perovskite measured by nanoindentation. The Young's modulus (E) of the pristine sample is 20.0 ± 1.5 GPa, while the hardness (H) is 1.0 ± 0.1 GPa. Upon extended exposure to water vapor, both quantities decrease dramatically and the sample changes color from silver-black to yellow. Calculations based on density functional theory support this trend in the mechanical response. Chemical treatment of the degraded crystal in methylammonium iodide solution recovers the color of the pristine sample and the values of E and H within 50%.

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Mechanical properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskites, CH₃NH₃PbX₃(X = I, Br and Cl), by nanoindentation

Cited by 212 publications

References 42 publications

Mechanically Recoverable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Investigation of Intrinsic Flexibility of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite

Mechanically Recoverable and Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Investigation of Intrinsic Flexibility of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite

Direct calorimetric verification of thermodynamic instability of lead halide hybrid perovskites

Mechanical signatures of degradation of the photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 upon water vapor exposure

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