Mechanical properties of natural and synthetic rubbers

Bueche, F.

doi:10.1002/pol.1957.1202511005

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The data of Bueche [18] on the shift of creep compliances, for simple extension, of a pure-gum yulcanizate are well represented by a line corresponding to a constant actiyn,tion energy of n,bout 34 k cal/mole fo r temperatures from -46° to + 50 °C. At lower temper atures higher valu es of acti \~ation energy n,re indicated.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 88%

Compliance-time-temperature relationships from indentation measurements on a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate

Roth¹,

Bullman²,

Wood³

1965

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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Previous work on t he calculation of shear co mplia nce J (limit of t he ratio of s train to stress at zero deform ation) from observations of t he indenta t ion of a flat na tural r u bber surface by a rigid sphere h as been extended over greater ranges of time, temperature, a nd state of vulca nization. The extreme ranges of time wer e 5 sec to 23 .5 hr a nd of t e mperature -67 to + 100 DC. The curves of JT against log 1-60 (where I-GO is t he equivalent tim e at -60 DC a nd ' 1' is in O K ) were s igmoid wit h a r egion of m aximum slope and co nti Iluing t hrough a region of minimum slope extending over a bout 7 decades. In contras t w it h t he p redictions of t he Williams, Landel, a nd F erry eq uation, the empirically determined s hif t of abscissa necessary to give a single J T cur ve was found to be a linear funct ion of T -I with a slope corresponding to an "apparent activation encrgy" of 36.9 kcal (O K )-I (molc)-I (154.5 kJ (O K) -I (mole) -I).

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 88%

Compliance-time-temperature relationships from indentation measurements on a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate

Roth¹,

Bullman²,

Wood³

1965

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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“…8 . a dispersion in this region and four other sanples consistently yielded an increase in compliance level during and after measurement when degradation occurred at the higher temperatures, 40 to 90°C.…”

Section: Seconds a T 1°c The Rate O F C R Y S T A L L I Z A T I O N mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of crosslink density on the creep behavior of natural rubber vulcanizates

Plazek¹

1966

J. Polym. Sci. A‐2 Polym. Phys.

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Torsional creep measurements on four natural rubber vulcanizates, crosslinked to different degrees, were carried out in the temperature range from −50 to 90°C. This investigation complements the studies on identical samples of the stress relaxation behavior by Chasset and Thirion and of the dynamic mechanical response by Ferry, Mancke, Maekawa, Ōyanagi, and Dickie. The creep measurements reported are shown to be in agreement with the stress relaxation results. In addition to the usual temperature reduction, a superposed curve was obtained for the long time response using the apparent molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc, as a reduction variable. The variation in viscoelastic response with crosslink density is interpreted as a restrictive action of the chemical crosslinks on the transient entanglement network.

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“…Natural rubber, a material that is superior to synthetic rubber in terms of elasticity and mechanical properties, is usually utilized in high-quality tires, conveyor belts, high-quality rubber products, etc. [1][2][3]. As green tires spring up around the world, silica is widely utilized in tire treads in order to improve the tear resistance, enhance the wet skid resistance of tires and reduce rolling resistance [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 1.5 Plasticizer A 2 TBBS 5 1.25 Sulfur 1 1 phr (parts per hundreds of rubber) is the number of additives per 100 (by mass) of rubber. 2 TESPT is the abbreviation of Bis- [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide. 3 DMPPD is the abbreviation of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N-phenylparaphenylenediumine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of Serial Modular Continuous Mixing Process Parameters for Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced by Silica/Carbon Black

et al. 2020

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In the tire industry, the combination of carbon black and silica is commonly utilized to improve the comprehensive performance of natural rubber so as to realize the best performance and cost-effectiveness. The corresponding mixing is divided into three processes (initial mixing, delivery, reactive mixing) by the serial modular continuous mixing method, thus achieving more accurate control of the mixing process, higher production efficiency and better performance. Moreover, the optimization of serial modular continuous mixing process parameters can not only improve the performance of composite materials, but help people understand the physical and chemical changes and the reinforcing mechanism of fillers in the mixing process. In this paper, the relationship among the parameters of eight processes and filler network structure, tensile strength, chemical reinforcing effect and tear resistance was explored through experiments. The deep causes of performance changes caused by parameters were analyzed. Consequently, the best process condition and the ranking of the influencing factors for a certain performance was obtained. Furthermore, the best preparation process of natural rubber (NR)/carbon black/silica composite was achieved through comprehensive analysis.In modern industry, batch internal mixers are usually utilized to prepare carbon black/silica/rubber composite materials. After the first stage of mixing and dumping, the second stage of mixing is needed in order to realize a sufficient silanization reaction and control the heat load of rubber mixing. However, achieving acceptable performance also wastes energy and time [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In recent years, many scholars and companies have contributed to developing continuous mixers, such as the Farrell continuous mixer, the twin-shaft continuous mixer, the Buss Kneader continuous mixer, and the co-rotating twin screw continuous mixer [20][21][22][23]. Nevertheless, due to the structural limitations of the feeding port of the above continuous mixers, only powdery and granular materials are able to be added, except for block rubber. As a result, these continuous mixers are mostly applied in the plastic industry [24][25][26][27][28]. In addition, even though granular rubber is used as the raw material regardless of cost, the accuracy of the ratio of raw rubber and filler is hard to ensure with these continuous mixing methods. Consequently, based on the requirements of modern industrial continuous rubber mixing, a serial modular continuous mixer (SMCM) has been designed by Professor Wang [29]. The modular design ensures the accuracy of the ratio, and also has a good residence time, temperature control, and exhaust. The core components are the initial mixing rotors and the core reaction mixing twin rotors. The special geometry causes these components to produce elongational forces except shear stress to the compound, which enhances the dispersion effect and reaction extent. Previous studies have shown that, compared to two-stage mixing, the serial process ...

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Mechanical properties of natural and synthetic rubbers

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Compliance-time-temperature relationships from indentation measurements on a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate

Compliance-time-temperature relationships from indentation measurements on a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate

Effect of crosslink density on the creep behavior of natural rubber vulcanizates

Optimization of Serial Modular Continuous Mixing Process Parameters for Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced by Silica/Carbon Black

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