Mechanical properties of Invar 36 alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting

Wei, Kai; Yang, Qidong; Ling, Bo; Yang, Xujing; Xie, Haiqiong; Qu, Zhaoliang; Fang, Daining

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.138799

Cited by 70 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This fact makes this alloy one of the most effective for use in precision instruments, magnetic rectifiers, relays, transformer sheets, dynamo sheets, radio and electronic equipment, aircraft equipment, optical and laser systems. In addition, this alloy can be used for storage and transport of cryogenic liquids [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The high-temperature strength and plastic properties of Incoloy 800HT and Invar 36 alloys

Kawulok

JUREK

et al. 2021

METAL 2021 Conference Proeedings

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The high-temperature strength and plastic properties of Incoloy 800HT and Invar 36 alloys

Kawulok

JUREK

et al. 2021

METAL 2021 Conference Proeedings

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“…Of these, Invar is used in high temperature and cryogenic environments because it not only is strong in terms of cryogenic brittleness but also has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 1.2 × 10 −6 mm/mmK, which is less thermally deformed than other materials (Table [8]). In particular, it is used in the aerospace industry [9], LNG facility parts [10][11][12][13][14], and pipes in cryogenic environments [14,15]. Invar is used in areas where LNG is directly contacted in an LNG facility, and it is also used as a material for LNG transport pipes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Cross-Shaped Structure of Invar Material Using Cold Wire Laser Fillet Welding (PART I: Feasibility Study for Weldability)

Kim

Pyo

Kim

et al. 2020

Metals

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With the need for eco-friendly energy increasing rapidly due to global environmental issues, there is a rapidly increasing demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG is liquefied at minus 163 degrees Celsius, and its volume decreases to 1/600, giving it a relatively higher storage and transport efficiency than gaseous natural gas (NG). The material for the tanks that store cryogenic LNG must be a material with high impact toughness at cryogenic temperatures. Invar, which contains 36% nickel and has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, is used for the membranes and corner structures of LNG cargo holds. The cross-shaped Invar structure used in an LNG cargo hold is manufactured through manual tungsten inert gas (TIG) fillet welding, which causes welding distortion and weldability problems. This study is a feasibility study that aims to reduce welding distortion, increase weldability with welding speed, and reduce the steps in an existing process by half by replacing the existing manufacturing method with automatic fiber laser fillet welding. Laser welding using fiber laser parameters are controlled for 1.5 and 3.0 mm thick Invar materials and weldability is secured through cross-section observation. Then, the optimal welding conditions with top and back beads secured are derived through a trial and error method.

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“…Previous research has determined that selectively laser melted (SLM) Invar maintains thermal expansion properties similar to those of conventionally manufactured Invar [ 4 , 21 ]. Other studies have investigated the mechanical properties of SLM Invar and suggested process parameters to achieve a stable and refined microstructure with comparable mechanical properties to the traditionally fabricated alloy [ 22 ]. Powder-bed AM processes, like SLM, can produce high-resolution parts, but the build volumes of these systems are typically less than 0.3 m 3 [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Linear Thermal Expansion of Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Joining between Invar and Steel

et al. 2020

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This work investigated the linear thermal expansion properties of a multi-material specimen fabricated with Invar M93 and A36 steel. A sequence of tests was performed to investigate the viability of additively manufactured Invar M93 for lowering the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in multi-material part tooling. Invar beads were additively manufactured on a steel base plate using a fiber laser system, and samples were taken from the steel, Invar, and the interface between the two materials. The CTE of the samples was measured between 40 °C and 150 °C using a thermomechanical analyzer, and the elemental composition was studied with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CTE of samples taken from the steel and the interface remained comparable to that of A36 steel; however, deviations between the thermal expansion values were prevalent due to element diffusion in and around the heat-affected zone. The CTEs measured from the Invar bead were lower than those from the other sections with the largest and smallest thermal expansion values being 10.40 μm/m-K and 2.09 μm/m-K. In each of the sections, the largest CTE was measured from samples taken from the end of the weld beads. An additional test was performed to measure the aggregate expansion of multi-material tools. Invar beads were welded on an A36 steel plate. The invar was machined, and the sample was heated in an oven from 40 °C and 160 °C. Strain gauges were placed on the surface of the part and were used to analyze how the combined thermal expansions of the invar and steel would affect the thermal expansion on the surface of a tool. There were small deviations between the expansion values measured by gauges placed in different orientations, and the elongation of the sample was greatest along the dimension containing a larger percentage of steel. On average, the expansion of the machined Invar surface was 42% less than the expansion of the steel surface. The results of this work demonstrate that additively manufactured Invar can be utilized to decrease the CTE for multi-material part tooling.

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Mechanical properties of Invar 36 alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting

Cited by 70 publications

References 28 publications

The high-temperature strength and plastic properties of Incoloy 800HT and Invar 36 alloys

The high-temperature strength and plastic properties of Incoloy 800HT and Invar 36 alloys

A Study on Cross-Shaped Structure of Invar Material Using Cold Wire Laser Fillet Welding (PART I: Feasibility Study for Weldability)

Investigating the Linear Thermal Expansion of Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Joining between Invar and Steel

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