Mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag concrete mixed by seawater and sea sand

Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, and Chloride Content of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Paste Made with Sea Water

“…However, in the case of TW and specifically SW an increase of 6.7% and 12.7%, respectively, was observed between the testing age of 7 and 28 days. Similar results of higher compressive strength for sea water based alkali-activated slag were reported in studies by Rashad and Ezzat [14] and Yang et al [10]. On the other hand, Shi et al [9] reported that the use of sea water resulted in lower compressive strength of calcium silicate slag-based AAM.…”

“…It should be noted that in the present study the amount of calcium in fly ash is only 5%, thus the formation of CaCl 2 might have been restricted. Nevertheless, the limited formation of CaCl 2 can also accelerate an early age polymerization [10]. Furthermore, SW registered a higher pH value than TW and PW (see Table 2).…”

“…However, improved durability against chloride ion was observed [10]. It should be noted that in studies by Shi et al [9] and Yang et al [10] the sea water used for investigations was prepared in the laboratory as per the guidelines of ASTM D1141 [11]. Nevertheless, as discussed in the previous studies sea water has almost negligible effects on the polymerization products of slag-based AAM [8][9][10].…”

“…Furthermore, hindrance in alkali activation process was reported due to the coating effect on particles [9]. Yang et al [10] developed slag-based AAM produced by artificial sea water. The compressive strength was slightly low for sea water based samples.…”

“…The compressive strength was slightly low for sea water based samples. However, improved durability against chloride ion was observed [10]. It should be noted that in studies by Shi et al [9] and Yang et al [10] the sea water used for investigations was prepared in the laboratory as per the guidelines of ASTM D1141 [11].…”