Mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of agave fibers bio-based epoxy laminates reinforced with zinc oxide

Torres, Mauricio; Rodriguez, Victoria Renteria; Alcantara, Perla Itzel; Urquiza, Edgar Adrian Franco

doi:10.1177/1528083720965689

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The HN4 laminate contains four layers of non-carbonized henequen fiber and has an elastic modulus of 2268.5 MPa. This value is similar to that obtained in previous work [ 1 ]. When henequen fibers are carbonized, the HC4 laminate reveals an elastic modulus of 2092.1 MPa, representing a reduction of 8.5% concerning the HN4 laminate.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Mauricio Torres et al [ 1 ] evaluated the viscoelastic behavior of henequen and ixtle laminates reinforced with ZnO nanoparticles. The authors determined that the henequen and ixtle laminates had a storage modulus of 2260 and 1830 MPa, respectively, and both of those values are similar to those obtained in this work.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biolaminates are natural fiber-reinforced bio-based epoxy resins [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Vegetable oils obtained from soybeans and flaxseeds are suitable for producing epoxy groups with high functionality due to their relatively high iodine value and high unsaturated fatty acid content [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbonized Plant Fibers Reinforced Bio-Based Epoxy Laminates

2021

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In this work, henequen and ixlte plant fibers were carbonized in a horizontal quartz tube furnace. Several carbonized and non-carbonized fiber fabric configurations were impregnated with a bio-based epoxy resin through the infusion process. The infrared spectra revealed characteristic bands of styrene instead of organic compounds, representing that the carbonization procedure was adequate to carbonize the plant fibers. The porosity volume ratio for the non-carbonized henequen laminates showed the highest number of voids >1.9%, and the rest of the composites had a similar void density between 1.2–1.7%. The storage modulus of the non-carbonized and carbonized henequen laminates resulted in 2268.5 MPa and 2092.1 MPa, respectively. The storage modulus of the carbonized ixtle laminates was 1541.4 MPa, which is 37.8% higher than the non-carbonized ixtle laminates and 12% higher than henequen composites. The laminates were subject to thermal shock cycling, and tomography scans revealed no alterations on the porosity level or in the cracks after the cycling procedure. Thermal shock cycling promoted the post-curing effect by increasing the glass transition temperature. The viscoelastic results showed a variation in the storage modulus when the carbonized fiber fabrics were located between natural fiber fabrics, which was attributed to more excellent compaction during the infusion process. Variations in the viscoelastic behavior were observed between the different types of natural fibers, which influenced the mechanical properties.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbonized Plant Fibers Reinforced Bio-Based Epoxy Laminates

2021

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“…This reduction in flexural strength of BEZ composites at higher wt% loading of ZnO nanoparticles into the epoxy matrix is due to agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles beyond 2 wt% inclusion into the epoxy matrix. Similar observations were made by Thipperudrappa et al, [ 49 ] Samad et al, [ 50 ] Torres et al [ 51 ] and Garcia et al [ 52 ] The agglomerated ZnO particles tend to get unevenly distributed within the matrix which reduces the toughening effect imparted by the otherwise evenly distributed nanoparticles, to the epoxy matrix and thus, rendering the weak and brittle epoxy matrix vulnerable to external loads. This can be visualized through SEM images illustrated in Figure 4.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Hybridization effect on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced ZnO modified epoxy composites

et al. 2022

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This paper discusses the fabrication of nano ZnO filled epoxy/basalt fiber composites and investigates the effect of such hybridization on the mechanical properties of the composites. The epoxy resin is modified by the addition of ZnO nanofiller in different wt.% (1-5 wt%). The dispersion of the nanofiller within the epoxy resin is brought about by sonication technique. The composites are fabricated through wet layup followed by curing under compression molding. To ascertain the effect of resin modification, flexural and tensile strengths are evaluated. The inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) is determined to identify the compatibility of the ZnO nanofiller with the epoxy and the basalt fibers. The improvement in the ILSS indicates thorough wettability being achieved between all the composite components. The addition of ZnO nanofiller improved the flexural strength, while there was no remarkable improvement in the tensile strength of the ZnO modified epoxy/baslat (BEZ) composite. Maximum improvement in the strengths is observed for BEZ2 composite with 2 wt% of ZnO nanofiller. For BEZ2 composite, the flexural and tensile strength increased by about 22% and 9.78% respectively in comparison to unfilled BEZ0 composite. The ILSS for BEZ2 composite improved by 21.74% in comparison to BEZ0 composite. In addition, more than 2 wt% addition of the ZnO nanofiller resulted in the reduction of flexural, tensile and ILSS of the composite due to agglomeration. Such agglomeration resulted in the failure of the composite due to delamination, matrix cracking and fiber fracture as observed through scanning electron microscopy images of the fractured composites.

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“…Bio-based thermosetting epoxy resins have been widely synthesized with various bioresources, including vegetable oil, − lignin, − isosorbide, starch, , vanillin, − cardanol, − phytic acid, p -hydroxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid, magnolol, etc., for considering the limited fossil resources, the climate changes from CO 2 , and other environmental issues. , The bio-based epoxy resins show great applications in the fields of coatings, adhesives, composite materials, and electronic encapsulation and may be an alternative to petroleum-based counterparts. ,,− However, most cured bio-based epoxy resins have inferior properties including poor mechanical properties, low glass-transition temperature ( T g ), and thermal properties, owing to the existence of long and highly flexible aliphatic skeletons, thus limiting their practical applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-based Tetrafunctional Epoxy Monomer Containing a Dicyclo Diacetal Structure and Its Medium-Temperature-Cured Epoxy Vitrimer System with Excellent Mechanical and Multifunctional Properties

Zhang

Yuan

Liang

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A bio-based tetrafunctional epoxy monomer containing a dicyclo diacetal linkage was successfully synthesized via acetalization of protocatechualdehyde (PCA) with erythritol, followed by a reaction with bioderived epichlorohydrin. The epoxy monomer exhibits good reactivity with glutaric anhydride in the presence of a zinc(II) acetylacetonate (ZAA) catalyst and can be cured using a medium-temperature procedure. The prepared epoxy vitrimer (DGZ) systems exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties resulting from the rigid dicyclo diacetal and aromatic structures and the high conversion of epoxy groups (αepoxy group). When the ZAA content is 2.5%, DGZ has optimal integrated mechanical properties, and its impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength can reach 20 kJ/m2, 60 MPa, and 119 MPa, respectively, which can be compared with those of the commercial bisphenol A epoxy resin cured with a high-temperature procedure. DGZ systems have a good glass-transition temperature (T g) of 111–117 °C. The broad glass transition endows DGZ with a good shape memory effect. The introduction of dynamic ester bonds in DGZ brings good self-healing ability, welding ability, and rapid stress relaxation. The self-healing efficiency of the scratches on the surface of DGZ can reach ∼100% at 200 °C. Owing to the existence of dicyclo diacetal linkages, DGZ can be completely degraded in 0.1 and 1 M HCl solutions at 25–80 °C. DGZ also has good dielectric properties due to the rigid dicyclo diacetal and aromatic structures, as well as a high αepoxy group.

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Mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of agave fibers bio-based epoxy laminates reinforced with zinc oxide

Cited by 15 publications

References 54 publications

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbonized Plant Fibers Reinforced Bio-Based Epoxy Laminates

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbonized Plant Fibers Reinforced Bio-Based Epoxy Laminates

Hybridization effect on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced ZnO modified epoxy composites

Bio-based Tetrafunctional Epoxy Monomer Containing a Dicyclo Diacetal Structure and Its Medium-Temperature-Cured Epoxy Vitrimer System with Excellent Mechanical and Multifunctional Properties

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