Mechanical performance of non-reinforced, carbon fiber reinforced and glass bubbles reinforced 3D printed PA12 polyamide

Polymeric composites in extrusion‐based additive manufacturing: a systematic review

“…Apart from its formulations that guarantee bioactivity, the class of vitreous materials provides other interesting properties. For example, Pejkowski et al 180 investigated the mechanical behavior of a commercial filament composed of PA12 reinforced with glass bubbles and measured an increase of 42% in the ultimate tensile strength compared with the unfilled polymer. The nozzle‐clogging phenomenon with this type of reinforcement was already investigated and mathematically modeled for glass sphere‐filled polycarbonate, being exclusively dependent on the ratio of nozzle to filler diameter 96 .…”

“…Glass spheres Significant strain rate sensitivity; increased ultimate tensile strength in comparison with unfilled PA12. 180 ZrO 2 þ β-TCP Increased tensile modulus and impact strength, but slightly reduced tensile strength; significant increase in cell viability. 68 Alumino-silicate Enhanced mechanical properties and resistance to simulated body fluid.…”

“…110 Besides, when analyzing the results for the coefficient of thermal expansion, it was concluded that the reinforced PETG showed minimum deformation with almost no change compared to the neat polymer, which makes this material preferable in terms of printing quality. 110 Extensive research has been directed toward characterizing printed parts composed of CFRPs in terms of their mechanical properties, 85,88,100,103,116,120,164,170,180 tribological behavior, 82 dimensional accuracy, 120 electrical conductivity, 99 and thermal and flameretardant characteristics. 170 Considering the same reinforcing material, more expressive efforts have also focused on investigating how the overall extrudate behavior is affected by voids, 80 process parameters and deposition patterns, 102,105,107,109,124,151,161,167,177,181 fiber settings, 150,154 filament processing conditions, 163 and magnetic fields.…”

Mechanical Analysis of 3D Printed Polyamide Composites under Different Filler Loadings

“…Meanwhile, another study recommended the use of the woven printing technique to reduce filler breakage, minimise the printing void, and increase adhesion between the printed layers [15][16][17]. Nevertheless, this would further contribute to shear stress, which is influenced by the use of different printing techniques, printing behaviours, or even filler sizes during the filament fabrication process [18]. One study revealed that the shear stress on a printed filament must be considered, as moderate shear stress would allow a better distribution, while the highest level would cause the printed layer to be dispatched [19].…”

The Effect of Nano Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)-Optimized Content in Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Matrices on Their Thermomechanical Response in 3D Printing

“…It comes in medical grades, which have also been exploited in MEX 3D printing applications [ 51 ]. PA12, being a part of the polyamide family, possesses exceptional attributes including toughness, strength, impact resistance, and resistance to deformation [ 52 , 53 ]. Although extensively used in SLS 3DP processes, PA12 has only recently gained attention in FFF, with studies highlighting its potential for use in rapid prototyping and advanced applications [ 54 ], such as structural parts with unique toughness properties.…”