Mechanical Downsizing of a Gadolinium(III)‐based Metal–Organic Framework for Anticancer Drug Delivery

Abstract

A Gd(III) -based porous metal-organic framework (MOF), Gd-pDBI, has been synthesized using fluorescent linker pDBI (pDBI=(1,4-bis(5-carboxy-1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)benzene)), resulting in a three-dimensional interpenetrated structure with a one-dimensional open channel (1.9×1.2 nm) filled with hydrogen-bonded water assemblies. Gd-pDBI exhibits high thermal stability, porosity, excellent water stability, along with organic-solvent and mild acid and base stability with retention of crystallinity. Gd-pDBI was transformed to the nanoscale regime (ca. 140 nm) by mechanical grinding to yield MG-Gd-pDBI with excellent water dispersibility (>90 min), maintaining its porosity and crystallinity. In vitro and in vivo studies on MG-Gd-pDBI revealed its low blood toxicity and highest drug loading (12 wt %) of anticancer drug doxorubicin in MOFs reported to date with pH-responsive cancer-cell-specific drug release.

Activation performance and mechanism of a novel heterogeneous persulfate catalyst: metal–organic framework MIL-53(Fe) with FeII/FeIII mixed-valence coordinatively unsaturated iron center

“…MOFs have been successfully applied in various fields such as gas storage, separation, light and electricity, sensors and drug-delivery, especially in catalysis such as chemical, photo and biomimetic applications [17~19]. MOFs are a class of multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid materials which usually possess a three-dimensional well-defined periodic infinite network structure [20]. MOFs can self-assemble via coordination or covalent interaction by metal ions or clusters linked with organic ligands [21].…”

Application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles@MOFs

“…Three strategies for triggered release of molecules have been explored using MOF composites: (1) Introduction of photo-switchable molecules into the pore networks that gives rise to guest release upon irradiation [192,193]; (2) Immobilization of target molecules into pore surfaces via photo-labile moieties that undergo controlled photolysis and release of the entrapped molecules [194,195]. We noted that both of these strategies require the specific chemical modifications to the pores' surface; and (3) Exploitation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles@MOFs nanoparticles where external stimuli, such as a magnetic field or light, causes release of molecules by localized heating.…”

Designed Synthesis of Multiluminescent Materials Using Lanthanide Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Carbon Dots as Building‐Blocks

“…[1][2][3][4] Combining the intrinsic luminescence features of the lanthanide ions (Ln 3+ ) with the inherent porosity of MOFs provides a valuable platform of materials with applications in light devices, [5,6] drug delivery [7] and chemical sensing. narrow bandwidth, long lifetime, large Stokes shift and ligand-dependent luminescence sensitization).…”