Mechanical Characteristics of Skin and Cartilage

Kenedi, R. M.; Gibson, T.; Abrahams, Michael J.

doi:10.1177/001872086300500510

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The above described correlation between fibril interconnectivity and matrix swelling behavior is consistent with the earlier suggestion by Kenedi et al that the collagen fibrils in the superficial zone even in the unloaded tissue are in a state of pretension. When AC is released from its subchondral constraint there is a tendency for the surface layer to curl concave upwards when allowed to freely hydrate and the degree of upwards curling has been shown to be strongly dependent of the degree of matrix destructuring .…”

Section: Fibril Network Destructuring and Abnormal Cartilage Matrix Ssupporting

confidence: 91%

How changes in fibril‐level organization correlate with the macrolevel behavior of articular cartilage

Nickien

Thambyah

Broom

2013

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The primary structural components of articular cartilage are the zonally differentiated interconnected network of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, the latter having the potential to bind large amounts of water. Both components exist in a coupled relationship that gives rise to its remarkable mechanical properties. The response of cartilage to compression is governed both by the degree to which the hydrated proteoglycans are constrained within this fibrillar network and the ease with which the matrix fluid can be displaced. The functional properties of cartilage are therefore closely linked to the integrity of the fibrillar network. Our current understanding of this network has been derived via studies conducted at the macro, micro, and ultrastructural levels. Of particular interest to joint researchers and clinicians are issues relating to how the network structure varies both directionally and with zonal depth, how its integrity is maintained via mechanisms of fibril interconnectivity, and how it is modified by ageing, degeneration, and trauma. Physical models have been developed to explore modes of interconnectivity. Combined micromechanical and structural studies confirm the critical role that this interconnectivity must play but detailed descriptions at the molecular level remain elusive. Current computationally based models of cartilage have in some cases implemented the fibrillar component, albeit simplistically, as a separate structure. Considering how important a role fibril network interconnectivity plays in actual tissue structure and mechanical behavior, and especially how it changes with degeneration, a major challenge facing joint tissue modellers is how to incorporate such a feature in their models.

show abstract

Section: Fibril Network Destructuring and Abnormal Cartilage Matrix Ssupporting

confidence: 91%

How changes in fibril‐level organization correlate with the macrolevel behavior of articular cartilage

Nickien

Thambyah

Broom

2013

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Over the past 15 years much work has been done on elucidating the collagen cross-links and their age-related changes. According to Kenedl et al [53], the first phase of the stress-strain curve of skin is produced on the basis of the straightening of the collagen fiber. Several investi gators have reported a progressive decrease in the cross-links with maturity, and an absence of these cross-Jinks in aged tissues [47][48][49].…”

Section: Collagenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aged Skin: A Study by Light, Transmission Electron, and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Lavker¹,

Zheng²,

Dong³

1987

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The fine structural organization of the epidermis, der mal! epidermal junction, and dermis from an unexposed site (upper inner arm) of elderly people was compared with the organization of a similar region of young people. De spite an overall thinning of the epidermis and focal areas of cytologic atypia, the characteristic morphological mark ers associated with the keratinization process are not mark edly altered in appearance or amount. A well-formed stra tum corneum consisting offlattened, enucleated horny cells enveloped by a thickened membrane, and intracellular spaces filled with electron-dense material provide structural evi dence that barrier ability is not compromised in senile skin.The dermal/epidermal changes in aged skin are marked and have significant physiologic implications. The major change is a relatively flat dermal/epidermal junction re sulting from the retraction of the epidermal papillae as well W ith advancing age, the skin and its appendages undergo marked changes. Alterations include in creased roughness, wrinkling, loss of elasticity, mottling, and a general transparency or thinness. In addition, a wide variety of proliferative lesions appear, giving rise to our general perception of an aged individual. These visible changes are noted primarily in exposed skin and represcnt age-related extrinsic effects, rather than intrinsic age related alterations. Because of the dramatic effects that cumulative insults from physical, chemical, and mechanical trauma have on skin, most research in cutaneous gerontology has focused on elucidating environmental changes. Alterations due to intrinsic aging have received less attention. It could be argued that because skin interfaces directly with the environment, all changes are extrinsic. However, by investigating areas that are more protected from environmental insults, certain inferences about the intrinsic aging process can be made. We have chosen the upper inner arm as an area that might closely resemble intrinsically aged skin. This region is relatively shielded from photoaging by its anatomical location, and is further protected by clothing. It does not receive cxcessive chemical insults and does not undergo deformations and reformations induced by pressure, as does skin on the but tocks.

show abstract

“…Mechanical properties of skin as influenced by age and by various pharma cological factors have been studied by many authors (Brozek and Kinzey, 1960;Dick, 1951;Fry et al, 1964;Grahame and Holt, 1969;Harkness, 1961;Harkness and Harkness, 1966;Holzmann et al, 1971;Jansen and Rottier, 1958;Kenedi et al, 1964Kenedi et al, , 1966Lanir and Fung, 1974;Mendoza andMilch, 1964/1965;Millington et al, 1971;Wright, 1964, 1966;Rollhäuser, 1950;Ruppelt, 1937;Schade, 1912;Schmidt-La Baume, 1927a, b, 1928, Stütt gen. 1965Vogel, 1969Vogel, , 1971Vogel, , 1972aVogel, , b, c, 1973Vogel, , 1974aVogel etaL, 1970;Weinig and Zink, 1967;Wenzel, 1950).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain of Rat Skin at Constant Load (Creep Experiments) Influence of Age and Desmotropic Agents

Hg¹

1977

Gerontology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Creep experiments were performed on skin strips of rats of various ages (4 weeks to 2 years) and of rats treated with prednisolone acetate or D-penicillamine for 10 days. In one specimen of back skin the ultimate load and tensile strength was measured at an extension rate of 5 cm/min. 50 or 25% of the ultimate load was applied to other specimens of the same skin area. Strain (% extension), time until break, and ultimate extension rate were measured in these samples. The constant load was applied either in a continuous or an intermittent manner. The maturation process (up to an age of 1 year) induced an increase of tensile strength and of ultimate strain followed by a decrease due to the ageing process. Time until break was increased and ultimate extension rate was decreased during the whole life span. These values did not show a maximum or minimum. D-Penicillamine decreased tensile strength, decreased the ultimate strain, shortened the time until break at constant load and increased the ultimate extension rate. Prednisolone increased tensile strength and induced some decrease of ultimate strain and time until break. It was concluded that phenomena like creep indicating the viscosity of connective tissue do not resemble those parameters indicating elasticity behaviour.

show abstract

Mechanical Characteristics of Skin and Cartilage

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

How changes in fibril‐level organization correlate with the macrolevel behavior of articular cartilage

How changes in fibril‐level organization correlate with the macrolevel behavior of articular cartilage

Aged Skin: A Study by Light, Transmission Electron, and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Strain of Rat Skin at Constant Load (Creep Experiments) Influence of Age and Desmotropic Agents

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About