Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Ismail, Ahmad; Jawaid, Mohammad; Hamid, Nor Aziati Abdul; Yahaya, Ridwan; Hassan, Azman

doi:10.3390/molecules26040773

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…4 it is shown that the tensile modulus of biophenolic/epoxy polymer blends at 100 ℃ curing temperature was increased gradually as bio-phenolic loading increase. Increasing in tensile modulus with increase in bio-phenolic loading was due to the properties of phenolic which have higher tensile modulus compared to epoxy [27]. A similar trend was shown for curing temperatures at 130 ℃ and 150 ℃.…”

Section: Tensile Modulussupporting

confidence: 61%

Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, researchers continue studies for alternative materials to replace the redundant petroleumbased products. The combination of various polymer mixture process mainly from bio-polymer material as a matrix property could reduce the dependence over petroleum-based polymer, thus the dangerous residue waste from the synthetic polymer in the fabrication process could be eliminated and produce better composite material with lower cost and high performance of composite material in numerous applications. In this study, the effect of bio-phenolic loading and curing temperature on the mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends was investigated. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated with different loading of bio-phenolic resin (5(P-5), 10(P-10), 15(P-15), 20(P-20) and 25(P-25) wt%) and different curing temperature was used which is 100 ℃, 130 ℃ and 150 ℃. The overall mechanical properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were improved as bio-phenolic loading increase and curing temperature increase. Based on the analysis, bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends with 20 wt% bio-phenolic showed the best overall mechanical properties. Besides that, 150 ℃ curing temperature was the most suitable curing temperature for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends based on the overall mechanical properties.

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Section: Tensile Modulussupporting

confidence: 61%

Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

et al. 2021

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“…It is also important to highlight in Figure 10(a) that failure of the pure bio-epoxy (E) shows several fractures with ridges and a wavy crest which reveal the brittleness characteristics of bio-epoxy. 5,52 It shows the least tensile strength from the tensile result. The neighbourhood zones will be subjected to greater stress, resulting in a higher likelihood of failure in this area.…”

Section: Morphology Analysis Through Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…as reinforcement for matrix material in the production of composites material. [5][6][7][8] These eco-friendly, lightweight, and inexpensive materials aid engineers in developing high-performance products for various applications. 9,10 The interest in natural fibre composites is driven by environmental issues like recycling and environmental safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of woven kenaf/bio-epoxy composites

Abare

Jawaid

Hamid

et al. 2023

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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The demand for eco-friendly materials in many sectors is due to the age-long usage of synthetic materials, which has so many negative impacts on the environment, high energy consumption, and health concerns. The physical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of woven kenaf fibre reinforced bio-epoxy composites are investigated in this study. The bio-composites were produced utilizing a manual lay-up process with varying fibre loading percentages of 30%, 35%, and 40%. Pure Bio-epoxy composites were also prepared as a reference. Physical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal characteristics were assessed. The density and water absorption of the bio-composites increase as the fibre loading increased. The highest density (1.2559 g/cm3) was shown by 40% fibre loading which also exhibited the highest water absorption of 9.8%. Furthermore, the void content revealed that the pure bio-epoxy has the highest value of 3.16% as compared to kenaf/bio-epoxy composites. The highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus was recorded by 40% fibre loading with 92.47 MPa and 9.18 GPa respectively. Impact properties also show enhancement with the increase in fibre loading, it showed the highest impact strength of 7280.8 J/m2 at 40% fibre loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fracture indicates that 40% fibre loading shows better fibre and bio-epoxy inter facial bonding because of its higher strength. The Initial decomposition temperature (IDT) of the bio-composites happens at about 230°C–280°C, and the Final decomposition temperature (FDT) is 540°C–560°C which is lower when compared to the pure bio-epoxy composites of 279°C and 560°C. Kenaf/bio-epoxy composites with 40% fibre loading show the best physical and mechanical and thermal properties. Based on our findings, we believe that our green bio-composites has the potential to be employed in various industries such as automobiles, construction and packaging.

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“…Polymer blends and inter-penetrating polymer networks is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials. 128 This method not only changes the vitrification temperature of the resin, but also affects the mechanical properties of the material. For example, Sen et al 129 studied the residual stresses in injection molded starch/synthetic polymer blends.…”

Section: Polymer Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of curing deformation control methods for carbon fiber reinforced resin composites

Zhang

et al. 2022

Polymer Composites

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Under the influence of extrinsic curing conditions and intrinsic properties of carbon fiber reinforced resin composites, the formation of curing deformation is inevitable, which makes the shape of the manufactured components differ from the designed structure, and even exceeds the assembly tolerance, resulting in the scrap of parts. Therefore, it is very urgent and important to optimize the curing deformation of carbon fiber reinforced resin composites. In this paper, the mechanism of stress and curing deformation is reviewed firstly, and then the factors affecting the curing deformation are summarized. In particular, from the point of view of materials in curing process, three curing deformation control strategies, including (i) reinforcement structure optimization, (ii) resin modification and process optimization, (iii) die surface compensation and tool‐part contact optimization, were proposed. And with the development of curing deformation simulation technology, the (iv) inverse design strategy before curing and (v) hot sizing method from the view of after cured were further put forward, respectively. By analyzing the link between processing details and curing deformation, it is found that the dominant factor affecting deformation may change under different conditions, so the interaction between factors needs to be further discussed. Subsequently, the effect of these distortion control methods on curing deformation was analyzed and evaluated, and the shortcomings were pointed out. Finally, the challenges existed in curing deformation research were identified, in order to contribute to the development of curing deformation research.

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Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Bio-phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Evaluation of physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of woven kenaf/bio-epoxy composites

Review of curing deformation control methods for carbon fiber reinforced resin composites

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