Mechanical and Electrical Design Calculations of Hybrid Vehicles

Abstract

Electric power is widely used in electric traction for many reasons: it is easy to control the speed of an electric motor, the absence of exhaust gases, free of noise, it has high starting torque, and it needs less maintenance than its mechanical counterpart. In the current research, a modern hybrid car is designed and manufactured in three ways. The first method is using a 220 volt AC electric power to charge five series batteries; each battery has 12 VDC (35 A/h) to supply totally 60 VDC input voltage for the electronic inverter which converts 60 VDC to 60 VAC (three-phase voltage) as a controllable voltage source to three-phase synchronous motor (SM) type (BLDC-YG1-ZZ-1200 W). The second method is to take advantage of the solar energy which is almost available in Iraq environment throughout the year to be stored in the batteries, especially during the shutdown of the machine and when it stops it under the sun. The solar panel is fixed on the vehicle's roof; it has a power of 100 watts. The third method is the mechanical energy by using the bicycle pedal to move the wheels of the car; it is useful in the event of a sudden interruption of electrical power or a technical failure in the vehicle. In addition, three kinds of electronic devices are used for control. The first control is electric battery charger. The second control is to convert solar radiation into electrical energy to be stored in the batteries. The third control is to regulate the accessories of another electric vehicle. The vehicle was tested in the province of Diyala, Baquba, Iraq, on a flat and tilted land (Al Mafraq Bridge, Baquba city). The steady-state speed reached more than 40 km/h with a total load of more than 125 kg. The design is subjected to real electrical and mechanical engineering tests alongside using decades of applied equations on locomotives and electric vehicles to validate the experimental tests.

An Assessment of Low-Cost Tractor Motorization with Main Farming Implements

“…The different modes of operation of the electric motor/generator are illustrated in Figure 4. Therefore, the relationship between mechanical power and electrical power, taking the below conditions into account, is as follows [62].…”

“…The output current I5 [A] is calculated as follows [63]: Therefore, the relationship between mechanical power and electrical power, taking the below conditions into account, is as follows [62].…”

Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions

“…However, the complicated searching process usually causes the sluggish dynamic response, torque ripple, and additional losses. Finally, for illustrating the key technological affairs introduced in this article, the example battery/supercapacitor powered EV PMSM drive [63] and SMR-fed SynRM drive [64,65] are presented in Section 5 and Section 6.…”