Mechanical and Biocompatibility Properties of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Derived from Salmon Fish Bone Wastes

Abstract

Natural calcium phosphates derived from fish wastes are a promising material for biomedical application. However, their sintered ceramics are not fully characterized in terms of mechanical and biological properties. In this study, natural calcium phosphate was synthesized through a thermal calcination process from salmon fish bone wastes. The salmon-derived calcium phosphates (sCaP) were sintered at different temperatures to obtain natural calcium phosphate bioceramics and then were investigated in terms of their microstructure, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In particular, this work is concerned with the effects of grain size on the relative density and microhardness of the sCaP bioceramics. Ca/P ratio of the sintered sCaP ranged from 1.73 to 1.52 when the sintering temperature was raised from 1000 to 1300 °C. The crystal phase of all the sCaP bioceramics obtained was biphasic and composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The density and microhardness of the sCaP bioceramics increased in the temperature interval 1000–1100 °C, while at temperatures higher than 1100 °C, these properties were not significantly altered. The highest compressive strength of 116 MPa was recorded for the samples sintered at 1100 °C. In vitro biocompatibility was also examined in the behavior of osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cells, indicating that the sCaP bioceramics had no cytotoxicity effect. Salmon-derived biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) have the potential to contribute to the development of bone substituted materials.

A Review on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Fish Discards

“…Similar morphological and particle size modifications were observed by Bas et al [98] for the BCP powder obtained from salmon fish bones sintered at temperatures in the (800-1300) • C range (Figure 5). At 800 and 1000 • C, a porous structure between the grains was visible.…”

“…To remove the organic substance and grease attached to their surface, fish discards were washed with distilled water [91], ethanol, and deionized water for 1 h [92], 2 h [93,94], or 3 h [32] or with boiling water [13,86,88,89,[95][96][97] for 1 h [90,98,99] or 48 h [84] in an over pressurized water jet [90] and treated with 1% [98] or 5% (w/v) [91] sodium hydroxide solution and washed with ultra-pure water [98] or with 0.1 M HCl and washed with distilled water [91].…”

“…After the cleaning step, all fish discards were dried at room temperature (RT) in air [91,92,95,98] for 1 h [86,88,89] or in an oven [90] at 40 °C [97], at 55-70 °C up to 48 h [93,94], or 60 °C [91,96] for 20-30 min [32] or 72 h [99]. Next, the sterile fish discards were crushed,…”

“…In another study, fish bones were calcined at 800 • C for 3 h in an oven. After the calcination process, a centrifugal ball mill was used to produce CaP powders, with mean particle sizes of about 122 nm [98].…”

In Vitro Evaluation of Biologically Derived Hydroxyapatite Coatings Manufactured by High Velocity Suspension Spraying

“…On the contrary, bio-origin HA materials possess these trace elements as naturally occurring components; thus, they may offer additional benefits compared to chemically prepared hydroxyapatite. Fish waste is one possible natural source and has been investigated by Naga et al (Ref 33) and others (Ref 34,35). Nevertheless, implant materials from natural sources also may contain undesired substances in alterable concentration.…”