A Review on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Fish Discards

Abstract

This review summarizes the results reported on the production of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) materials derived from fish wastes (i.e., heads, bones, skins, and viscera), known as fish discards, and offers an in-depth discussion on their promising potential for various applications in many fields, especially the biomedical one. Thus, considerable scientific and technological efforts were recently focused on the capability of these sustainable materials to be transformed into economically attractive and highly valuable by-products. As a consequence of using these wastes, plenty of beneficial social effects, with both economic and environmental impact, will arise. In the biomedical field, there is a strong and continuous interest for the development of innovative solutions for healthcare improvement using alternative materials of biogenic origin. Thus, the orthopedic field has witnessed a significant development due to an increased demand for a large variety of implants, grafts, and/or scaffolds. This is mainly due to the increase of life expectancy and higher frequency of bone-associated injuries and diseases. As a consequence, the domain of bone-tissue engineering has expanded to be able to address a plethora of bone-related traumas and to deliver a viable and efficient substitute to allografts or autografts by combining bioactive materials and cells for bone-tissue ingrowth. Among biomaterials, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bio-ceramics are widely used in medicine, in particular in orthopedics and dentistry, due to their excellent bioactive, osteoconductive, and osteointegrative characteristics. Recently, BCP materials (synthetic or natural), a class of CaP, which consist of a mixture of two phases, hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), in different concentrations, gained increased attention due to their superior overall performances as compared to single-phase formulations. Moreover, the exploitation of BCP materials from by-products of fish industry was reported to be a safe, cheap, and simple procedure. In the dedicated literature, there are many reviews on synthetic HA, β-TCP, or BCP materials, but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first collection of results on the effects of processing conditions on the morphological, compositional, structural, mechanical, and biological properties of the fish discard-derived BCPs along with the tailoring of their features for various applications.

Property and biological effects of the cuttlebone derived calcium phosphate particles, a potential bioactive bone substitute material

“…As the chemical composition of the CaP could be influenced by variations in the compositions of natural derived matrixes and preparation techniques, the CB‐CaP and particularly CB‐BCP in the current study would exhibit distinctive crystallinity, physicochemical property and cells/particle interaction that could lead to different bone regeneration capacity in bone defects 5,8,17,50 . The current synthesis processes produced the CB‐CaP with small particles size ranging from 300–1600 nm, which were smaller than the particle size previously reported 30,51 .…”

Biomimetic Human Enamel Remineralization Using Calcium Extract from Nano Fish Bone and Eggshell: An In vitro Study

“…Accordingly, that E dynamic, still obscure mineralized system offers a wealth of information about basic principles for organic matrix-mediated biomineralization. Those principles are potentially applied in engineering and biomaterial science fields for smart designing and development of biomimetic materials (16,33) .…”

“…Recently, extraction of CaPHA from sustainable natural primary sources seems reliable, highly productive and feasible alternative for synthetic HA (16) . Those CaP food waste reservoirs were mainly bones (of fishes and mammalians (17)(18)(19) and biogenic (BioHA) resources (eggshell (20) , seashell and whelk (21) .…”

Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites—A Comprehensive Review on the Most Recent Progress and Promising Trends

“…A further purpose of ionic substitution is to achieve antibacterial properties, using silver or other specific additives [41,42]. Furthermore, there is an emerging effort to prepare CaP particles from natural sources, such as fishbone [43,44], oyster shell [45], eggshell [46,47], mussel shell [48], snail shell [49], as well as bovine origins, and marble [50]. Reports on the naturally derived CaP powders indicate that these alternatives are more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective compared with synthetic preparations.…”