Mechanical Advantages and Disadvantages of a Lower Limb Using Forefoot to Heel Strike Landing

Abstract

A previous study reported that habitually barefoot Kenyan distance runners tend to use a mid-foot strike or a forefoot-heel strike (FHS). Current findings indicate FHS helps enhance Kenyans’ running performance. However, no study has investigated how FHS modulates leg stiffness (kleg) and altered running velocity with changes in kleg. Because vertical displacement of the centre of mass and kleg during hopping are applicable to the running process, this study investigated how FHS affects kleg and hopping frequency (fhopping) during hopping. Subjects hopped at 2.2 Hz with normal hopping (NH-2.2Hz) and at a comfortable frequency with FHS (FHS-CF). According to each subject’s comfortable frequency at FHS-CF, they were divided into higher (HG, 2.49 ± 0.11 Hz) and lower (LG, 2.16 ± 0.19 Hz) groups. With FHS-CF, the flight duration in HG was significantly shorter than that in LG. kleg in HG was greater than that in LG. Negative work in the first half of the stance phase and positive work in the second half of the stance phase at all three joints were smaller in HG than in LG. The touchdown angle was larger and angular displacements at the joints were smaller in HG than in LG. The findings indicate that when hoppers used FHS, they increased their preferred fhopping by stiffening their leg joints during the stance phase and jumping with a lower height than in normal hopping; additionally, it is important to increase the touchdown joint angle for a stiffened joint.

Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview

“…At relatively low running velocity, runners predominantly hit the ground with the heel (heel strike), whereas at higher running velocity (sprinting), the foot strike is usually performed with the forefoot [ 59 , 108 ]. Rearfoot strike pattern runners touching the ground with heel and using a rolling foot strategy result in increased ground contact time.…”