Measuring the school impact on child obesity

Mahroo

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

et al. 2016

172

159

Drusen are discussed frequently in the context of their association with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Some types may, however, be regarded as a normal consequence of ageing; others may be observed in young age groups. They also occur in a number of inherited disorders and some systemic conditions. Whilst drusen are classically located external (sclerad) to the retinal pigment epithelium, accumulations of material internal (vitread to) this layer can display a drusen-like appearance, having been variously termed pseudodrusen or subretinal drusenoid deposits. This review first briefly presents an overview of drusen biogenesis and subclinical deposit. The (frequently overlapping) subtypes of clinically detectable deposit, seen usually in the context of ageing or AMD, are then described in more detail, together with appearance on imaging modalities: these include hard and soft drusen, cuticular drusen, reticular pseudodrusen and "ghost drusen". Eye disorders other than AMD which may exhibit drusen or drusen-like features are subsequently discussed: these include monogenic conditions as well as conditions with undefined inheritance, the latter including some types of early onset drusen such as large colloid drusen. A number of systemic conditions in which drusen-like deposits may be seen are also considered. Throughout this review, high resolution images are presented for most of the conditions discussed, particularly the rarer ones, providing a useful reference library for images of the range of conditions associated with drusen-like appearances. In the final section, some common themes are highlighted, as well as a brief discussion of some future avenues for research.

Section: Histology Of Soft Drusenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiating drusen: Drusen and drusen-like appearances associated with ageing, age-related macular degeneration, inherited eye disease and other pathological processes

Mahroo

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

et al. 2016

172

159

“…Moreover, there is little empirical evidence of any impact of the school environment upon children's weight status (Bonell et al, 2013; Williams et al, 2012, 2013). One of the few papers to examine whether schools had an impact on children's weight status was produced by Procter et al (2008) who hypothesised:‘[t]hat by exploring differences between schools, we may be able to determine school factors that are, for better or worse, having an impact on children’s risks of obesity. At the same time, we may be able to highlight ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ spots of obesity so allowing better targeting of resources to those communities in greatest need.’…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test this hypothesis Procter et al (2008) employed a ‘value-added’ technique similar to those developed in economics and regularly used to assess the educational impact of schools (Amrein-Beardsley, 2008; Rutter, 1979). In education, an individual's value-added score is the change in outcome (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to compare school performance the individual scores are aggregated, and it becomes necessary to adjust for differences in school composition which could bias the scores (Amrein-Beardsley, 2008; Rutter, 1979). Procter et al (2008) accounted for the ethnic and socioeconomic composition of 35 primary schools in Leeds, England, who were participating in the Trends study to rank schools according to their mean observed and expected residual pupil weight status and ‘value-added’ score. The authors found that there was little similarity between the ‘value-added’ and expected residual rankings and concluded that this lent credence to the hypothesis that differing school environments have differential impacts upon their pupils (Procter et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A repeated cross-sectional study examining the school impact on child weight status

Williams

Wyatt

Williams

et al. 2014

Preventive Medicine

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine whether there is a differential impact of primary schools upon children's weight status.MethodsA repeated cross-sectional study was undertaken using five years (2006/07–2010/11) of National Child Measurement Programme data, comprising 57,976 children (aged 4–5 (Reception) and 10–11 (Year 6) years) from 300 primary schools across Devon, England. Examining each year separately, the schools were ranked according to their observed and residual (having accounted for school and neighbourhood clustering and pupil ethnicity and socioeconomic status) school mean body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS). Subtracting the Reception from the Year 6 mean residuals gave ‘value-added’ scores for each school which were also ranked. The rankings were compared within and across the years to assess consistency.ResultsAlthough pupil BMI-SDS was high, > 97% of the variation in BMI-SDS was attributable to environments other than the school. The ‘value-added’ by each school was only poorly correlated with the observed and residual pupil BMI-SDS; but none of the rankings were consistent across the five years.ConclusionThe inconsistency of the rankings and the small variation in BMI-SDS at the level of the school suggests that there is no systematic differential impact of primary schools upon pupil weight status.

“…Numa perspectiva que sinaliza estratégias educativas com vistas a minimizar os efeitos negativos provenientes de estilos de vida que aviltam a saúde e a qualidade de vida da população juvenil, dentre os espaços e instituições sociais, a escola configura-se como lócus privilegiado para abordar essa problemática 15 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Percepção Da Obesidade Juvenil Entre Professores De Educação Física Na Educação Básica

Paixão

Aguiar

Silveira

2016

Rev Bras Med Esporte

Artigo originAl Original article artículO Original RESUMOIntrodução: A obesidade pode ter início em qualquer idade, no entanto, tem ocorrido de modo crescente na população juvenil, o que, segundo casos registrados, é causa de inúmeros problemas de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar as percepções de professores de Educação Física atuantes em escolas de educação básica na cidade de Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil, com relação à obesidade juvenil e o papel da escola e da Educação Física como formas de controle. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório, no qual se utilizou a versão traduzida para o português do instrumento Perceptions of Youth Obesity and Physical Education Questionnaire em um grupo amostral de 15 professores licenciados em Educação Física de ambos os sexos (8 homens e 7 mulheres), atuantes em escolas de educação básica na cidade de Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil. Resultados: Os professores têm conhecimento das implicações da obesidade na saúde e qualidade de vida dos jovens, assim como da necessidade de intervenção. A partir da percepção desses professores, observa-se que a escola se configura como um espaço apropriado para abordar esse tema entre os jovens. Na perspectiva da educação para e pelo movimento, o professor de Educação Física pode auxiliar os jovens a promoverem mudanças significativas na forma física, a partir da adoção de um estilo de vida saudável e de orientações básicas de bons hábitos alimentares. Conclusão: A insuficiência da carga horária semanal de aulas de Educação Física para lidar com o tema da obesidade de forma sistemática, bem como suas implicações, é consenso entre esses professores.Descritores: obesidade pediátrica; educação física e treinamento; docentes. ABSTRACT